Computer input and output devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer input and output devices - Essay Example Every computer requires a keyboard for data entry both in numeric, alphabetic and symbol form. Text or numbers being typed on the keyboard are directly displayed on the monitor of the computer. There are many designs of the keyboard depending on the manufacturer, but they all have letters, numbers and function keys for data entry. The data is converted into codes that are understandable by the computer and displayed in a format understandable to the user.Every computer has a monitor that is the primary output device, and it communicates with the user by displaying data in a user understandable format. Another commonly used output device is the inkjet printer that produces papers printed in different colors by means of a spray ink jet inside the printer. An advanced form of a printer is a laser printer that prints different colors by fusing electrostatically charged toner. The laser printer has very high initial cost but has a lesser running cost as compared to the inkjet printer. The drum plotter is also an output device that plots large scale drawings. Recent technologies have led to the introduction of laser plotters that are an advancement of the laser printers and are capable of printing into rolls of papers. Data projectors are a modern form of output devices and can be described as big monitors that are used for audience presentation. Speakers are classified as output devices since they communicate information from the computer to the user either in the form of warnings or music.

Black People and Roberta Essay Example for Free

Black People and Roberta Essay In Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Recitatif,† the story is about two girls, Twyla and Roberta. They grow up in an orphanage because their mothers could not care for them. Morrison makes it clear the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds but never states which one is black or white. At one point in the story Twyla comments, â€Å"We looked like salt and pepper. † I grew frustrated with the story and had to read it several times. I could never determine who was black and white and the lesson I learned should have been it doesn’t really matter. The story begins with Twyla’s mother dropping her off at the orphanage. She meets Roberta and they become best friends. The bond they share occurs because they were not considered real orphans. They were abandoned kids unlike the other children whose parents had died. One of the last times the girls see each other was the day of a visitation. On that night, Twyla’s mother was wearing â€Å"those tight green slacks that made her butt stick out. † Many people have labeled blacks as having larger butts. She could have been black, she could have been a heavy white woman with a large butt, or a Hispanic woman like me. But I automatically stereotyped and went with Twyla has to be black. During the visitation Roberta’s mother â€Å"had brought chicken legs. † Twyla notices Roberta does not eat the chicken legs. I always thought black people liked chicken more than white people which means Roberta was white since she did not eat the chicken. Or maybe she just wasn’t hungry. Shortly after that visitation Roberta’s mother came to take her home, leaving the girls devastated. They see each other several times throughout the years. At their first meeting, Roberta was rude and distant because she was high. Roberta tells Twyla she is on the way to see Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix was an infamous black guitarist. I thought at this point Roberta has to be black. However Hendrix’s band was interracial with a diverse audience. Roberta could have been white due to the diverse audience. I am a huge Hendrix fan and I am not black so why would I think Roberta is. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store. Roberta married a rich man and was extremely friendly to Twyla. Twyla cannot hold back her emotions and asks Roberta about the last time they saw each other. Roberta shrugs it off, â€Å"Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black—white. You know how everything was. † I can relate to this. In 1980, the Cuban Mariel Boat Lifts came over bring thousands of Cubans. I am Cuban but I was born here. Kids I had known since kindergarten treated me as if I just come over on the boats. It had a lasting effect on me and matured me beyond my years. The third time they meet is at the school where their children attend. Roberta and other mothers were picketing because they did not want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight severing any last chance of a friendship for them as it would not be resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time. As the story ends I do not get a sense of closure. The question of which girl is white or black remains unanswered. It opened my eyes and made me question how prejudice I really am. I try to not stereotype as a result of what I went through as a child but I found myself doing just that. I can understand why Morrison wrote the way she. I am not sure what her goal was overall but to me it seemed as if she were teaching me about prejudices. â€Å"Recitatif† challenged me to not judge either girl by their race but accept them for who they are. In the end, what difference did it really make about the girls’ races? The story is about how their friendship develops and then deteriorates. Nothing more; nothing less.

European Monetary Unions effect on Europe

European Monetary Unions effect on Europe A currency is a form of money and is used when purchasing goods or services. Coins and paper money are both forms of currency. There are different types of currency for each country, for example the UK has the Pound ( £), the USA has the US Dollar ($) and 15 member states of the European Union use the Euro (â‚ ¬). There are other currencies used all around the world. A person can exchange one currency for another but there is a rate at which it must be done, these are called exchange rates. Exchange rates are the rate at which one currency is worth in another currency, for example at todays current exchange rates  £1 will by a person $1.46. Businesses exchange money every day and in large amounts, this effects how much a currency is worth. Businesses exchange money to purchase goods in other countries, if there are a lot of businesses purchasing from one country their currency value will raise. This means the businesses will have to pay more of their currency to import goods. Even though the value of a currency can rise they can also fall in value as well. This happens when a currency is not in demand. Because the value of the currency is high businesses will not import from that particular country because it will be possible to get what they want from another country for less money. This will cause the value to fall. Even though people exchange money when going on holiday they do not play a big part in exchange rate fluctuation, it is businesses which cause the exchange rate of countries to change every day. The exchanges rates have two effects on businesses. One of them is that businesses need them to import and export goods to other countries, without them it is not possible because each country has a different form of type of currency. The other impact is that businesses make the exchange rates fluctuate making it more expensive or cheaper to purchase goods in other countries. The US dollar started to rise in value quite swiftly against the Euro and the Pound between July and September causing the value of the Euro and the Pound to plummet to all time lows. Before the euro was introduced the member states of the EU still used their own currencies, but the exchange rate of these currencies were always fluctuating. Following an Arab-Israeli war in October 1973. Middle Eastern oil production companies forced high prices and restricted sales to certain European countries, consequently this created economic problems throughout the EU. This gave birth to the European Monetary System (EMS). The EMS was an arrangement between the member states to link their currencies to prevent large fluctuations. The essential fundamental of the arrangement was the creation of the exchange rate mechanism (ERM) which was a system to help maintain stability for the currencies of the member states. This was done by setting limits an exchange rate could fluctuate in. The limit was 2.25% (6% for Italy), for example the pounds exchange rate could not increase by more than 2.25% and could not decrease by more than 2.25%. All currency values within the EU were tied t o the German mark because at that time their currency value was the Strongest. This was good economically because business could cope with small fluctuations. But what happened when a countries exchange rate reached its limits? This happened in September 1992 when the UK was forced out of the ERM. The value of the pound was decreasing and the government tried to keep the value within the ERM limits. They raised interest rates from 10% to 12% to 15% in one day and they spent large amounts of other currencies to buy pounds to try and increase the value of the pound. But it did not work and had to leave the ERM. Other currencies in the EU devalued and the French franc was the only currency to successfully defend itself from devaluing. The establishment of the ERM was the first time a single currency was thought possible. The signing of the Maastricht treaty in 1992 was when the EU made it an objective to bring a single currency (The Euro) to pass. The euro was launched in 1999 but only for commercial and financial transactions. Notes and coins were introduced in 2002. There were strict conditions to be met before a country could ascend to the euro. These included targets for inflation, interest rates and government debt. A European central bank was created to set interest rates for all member states that ascended to the euro. With the ongoing integration between the members of the EU and the continuing effort to make the trade of goods, services, people and capital easier, it was only a matter of time until the euro was launched. The ERM was designed to maintain the stability of exchange rates within the EU and was not very successful in doing this, so the EU had to come up with a better idea. This was the euro; this would remove the exchange rates when trading within the EU and make things more simple because businesses didnt have to worry about how much their currency was worth in another currency within the EU. This is also written on http://www.civitas.org.uk/eufacts/FSECON/EC9.htm, it says Yet it was not an entirely successful move because it posed many technical difficulties in setting the correct rate for all member states and because some members were less committed to it than others Introducing the euro was inevitable because the ERM was not very successful in keeping all the exchange change rates within the EU stable and it was an objective for there to be a free movement of capital (money) between the member states of the EU. If there is to be a free movement of capital between the EU they would have to do away with exchange rates and create a currency for the member states to use. There are 5 economic tests for the UK to join the Euro. These were created by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1997, this was Gordon Brown. The tests are a set of conditions the UK has to pass for it to join the Euro. The key notion behind the test is whether the UK is able to handle the same monetary policy as the countries within the Euro zone. The first test is economic harmonisation. If the UK joins the Euro the UK will be in sync with the Euro zone. But if the UK was growing at a faster rate than the EU then the UK interest rates would have to be increased but then that would increase the interest rates of all the other countries within the Euro zone. This is because the interest rates in the Euro zone are controlled by the European Central Bank. But if there were harmonisation there is no guarantee that it would be on a permanent basis. The second test is flexibility and whether there would be enough of it. For example if the UK went into a recession would it be able to cope. The UK would have no authority over monetary policy and fiscal policy would be limited by the growth and stability pact. This would restrict the amount of government borrowing and consequently restrict the scale for expansionary fiscal policy. The third test is investment and the effect the Euro will have on it. Would the Euro create a better setting for firms making long-term decisions to invest in Britain? The fourth test is financial services and what affect the Euro will have on it. What influence would the Euro have over the financial services industry considering Londons financial sector has thrived in recent years would the Euro effect it in a bad way? The last test is growth and employment. Will the Euro encourage higher growth and stability? Also how will it affect employment, will it create a permanent increase in jobs or not? There is no evidence that it would. With all this said will it be in the national interest for the UK to join the Euro? There are advantages to joining the Euro. The advantages are, the Euro would end currency instability within the Euro zone and lower it outside it because the credibility of the Euro would increase because it is being used in most of Europe. Another advantage is people travelling from the UK would not have to exchange their money, encountering fewer restrictions when transferring large sums of money when going across borders. A further advantage is businesses wont have to pay hedging cost to insure themselves against the threat of currency fluctuations. Another advantage is there will be a lower interest rate. Also the stability pact will force EU countries into a system of fiscal responsibility. This will enhance the Euros credibility, which should lead to more investment, jobs and lower mortgages. Even though there are advantages there are also disadvantages to joining the Euro. The disadvantages ar e, if the UK government is required to conform to the stability pact they may be unable to battle a recession using fiscal policy. This is because the government will not be able to borrow as much money or cut taxes. Another disadvantage is the UK will have no control over interest rates as the European Central Bank controls interest rates within the Euro zone. A further disadvantage is the UK will lose its sovereignty. This means that the UK will have to work with other economically weaker countries, which are more tolerant to higher inflation. Another disadvantage is that the transfer between the pound and the Euro will cost a great deal. The British Retailing Consortium estimated that all British retailers will have to pay between  £1.7 billion and  £3.5 billion to make the essential changes. These changes include educating customers, changing labels, training staff, changing computer software and adjusting tills. The last disadvantage is the exchange rate would no longer bal ance Britains trade and capital flow with the rest of the world. It is difficult to say if it would be in the national interest of the UK to join the Euro as there are advantages and disadvantages. But nobody knows what will happen if the UK joins the Euro, we can only predict possibilities. It is wrong to say the UK will never join as there are advantages to joining the Euro but the UK will not be joining anytime soon. [1] http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/currency/11/12/twelve_month.stm [2] http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/currency/11/13/twelve_month.stm [3] http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/fds/hi/business/market_data/currency/13/12/twelve_month.stm

Puritanism in The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller Essay exam

     Ã‚   In today's society, it is infrequent that you turn on the television and are not bombarded with images of sex, violence, or other content that the Puritans would have viewed as being the work of Old Deluder (the name given to Satan in the time period). Yes, it is true; the society in which we dwell in today is no more remarkable than that of barbaric times. The only difference might be that we no longer kill out of primal instinct; we do it out of fear, or malice, or patriotism, or even pleasure. Thus, we are faced with the question of whether or not today's society would experience benefits if a conversion to Puritanism was made or drown in its waters. Because Puritanism conformed to such austere guidelines and beliefs that almost completely obliterated the individual's role in the social unit and because the foundation of the religion is to essentially "kill" freedom and liberty in order to create a social purity that is virtually impossible for humans to achi eve, I believe that Puritanism would only add to the degradation of society today. The books The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller exemplify this theory. Puritanism's ultimate goal was to essentially establish a religiously pure and socialistic community in which everyone would work for the good of one another. However, Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter contradicts the belief that a society of this sort can ever exist. Rather, he theorizes that the suppression of this sinful behavior only leads to personal agony and social isolation. Hester, for example, who committed the sin of adultery, which society today frowns upon but does not punish for, became alienated enduring "three hours on the platform pillory, and then and thereafter, for... ...the realities of the "exemplary religion" known as Puritanism. It conflicts with both the natural rights of man in his existence (as the French philosophe Locke reasoned) and virtually denies men of his freedoms stated in the Constitution of the United States. Puritanism undermines the role of an individual in society and suppresses intellectuality. Puritanism destroys more than just ideas; it destroys people.    Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Maypole of Merry Mount". (1836). Honors American Literature. Period 8. 1999. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. (1850) New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1994. James, Henry. Daisy Miller. (1878) New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1995. Melville, Herman. Bartleby. (1856) New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990. Updike, John. "A&P". Honors American Literature. Period 8. 1999.

National and Global Finance Essay

1. Choose an example of a type of new company you could start, and then use this company idea to answer the questions below. You might choose a pet store, a restaurant, a tutoring business, or something else. This can be the same type of company you chose in assignment 8 or 9, or it can be different. a. Describe the type of business you chose. (1-2 sentences. 0.5 points) The type of business I would start would be for family or friends gatherings. This business would be place people come to eat and social, a nice, warm evening. b. Describe at least two ways in which the local, state, or federal government would have an impact on your business. (2-4 sentences. 1.0 points) Whether business owners know it or not, but the government create laws and regulation to protect the business. Two ways the government would have an impact on my business is by setting a price ceiling and price floor. These both determines whether or not my items it too high or low for its’ good. 2. Describe at least one advantage and one disadvantage of price ceilings and price floors. Do you think price ceilings and floors are more helpful or more harmful to consumers and the economy? Explain. (2-4 sentences. 1.0 points) Price controls are the government intervention in free markets. In the case of agriculture without price floors mass starvation could occur as there is often a 2 to 10 year turn around on agricultural investment. Price ceilings on certain food products may also ease starvation. Remember that perfect free markets have never existed except in theory. 3. Describe at least two negative outcomes of having too little money and credit in the economy. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) It would cause scarcity or currency, leading to rapid deflation, and also, overproduction of goods means major markets would plummet in value. Overbalancing demand, leading to major losses for the producers. 4. Describe at least two negative outcomes of having too much money and credit in the economy. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) It would cause a sacracity of currency, leading to rapid deflation. Overproduction of goods means major markets would plummet in value, outbalancing demand, leading to major losses for the producers. 5. Which Fed tool do you think is most important, and  why? (2-4 sentences. 1.0 points) Change the Federal Funds Rate via â€Å"Open Market Transactions† (buying and selling gov’t bonds on the open market). By far the most commonly used tool. Whenever you read about the Fed â€Å"changing the interest rate† they are referring to open market transactions & the Federal Funds Rate. Since they cannot set the rate directly, but do it indirectly by buying and selling bonds on the open market, they usually refer to the desired interest rate as the â€Å"target† rate. 6. Choose one of the following government agencies or laws: FTC, EPA, FDA, CPSC, OSHA, FLSA, EEOC, ADA, SEC, or Affirmative Action. Search online to learn more about the agency or law, and then describe three specific things the law or agency accomplishes. Make sure the information comes from a trustworthy website. Include a link to the website in your answer. (3-6 sentences. 1.5 points) The EPA or Environmental Protection Agency seeks to protect ordinary citizens from the devastation and destruction that may occur when people/companies are not held accountable for their actions environmentally. In most cases this agency has been very effective and is used as a model all over the world to protect streams, rivers, air and people. 7. Describe at least two products that are commonly imported into the United States. (1-2 sentences. 0.5 points) Coffee (Brazil and Columbia) and Cotton T-shirts (Mexico, Honduras among a lot of others) 8. Describe at least two products that are commonly exported from the United States to other countries. (1-2 sentences. 0.5 points) Two of the largest American exports are â€Å"Oil seed† and â€Å"Machines, engines, pumps†, both to China for a combined total of 27.2 billion USD. 9. Why does the U.S. government encourage U.S. companies to sell their products in other countries? Explain how this helps the U.S. (2-4 sentences. 2.0 points) The U.S. government encourages the U.S. companies to sell their products in other countries because other countries may offer better opportunities for growth. 10. Find the value of one U.S. dollar in a foreign currency. You might choose the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Canadian dollar, or another currency. List the type of currency and the current value of the U.S. dollar in that country. (1.0 points) TIP: http://www.google.com/finance/converter is a good resource for foreign currency information. US 1 dollar = Jordanian 75cents 11. Describe at least three exchange rate factors that are likely to attract  foreign investors to a country’s currency. Explain why these factors are attractive for foreign investors. (3-6 sentences. 3.0 points) Overview Before we look at these forces, we should sketch out how exchange rate movements affect a nation’s trading relationships with other nations. A higher currency makes a country’s exports more expensive and imports cheaper in foreign markets; a lower currency makes a country’s exports cheaper and its imports more expensive in foreign markets. A higher exchange rate can be expected to lower the country’s balance of trade, while a lower exchange rate would increase it. Determinants of Exchange Rates Numerous factors determine exchange rates, and all are related to the trading relationship between two countries. Remember, exchange rates are relative, and are expressed as a comparison of the currencies of two countries. The following are some of the principal determinants of the exchange rate between two countries. Note that these factors are in no particular order; like many aspects of economics, the relative importance of these factors is subject to much debate. Conclusion The exchange rate of the currency in which a portfolio holds the bulk of its investments determines that portfolio’s real return. A declining exchange rate obviously decreases the purchasing power of income and capital gains derived from any returns. Moreover, the exchange rate influences other income factors such as interest rates, inflation and even capital gains from domestic securities. While exchange rates are determined by numerous complex factors that often leave even the most experienced economists flummoxed, investors should still have some understanding of how currency values and exchange rates play an important role in the rate of return on their investments.

GM Foods essays

GM Foods essays Genetically modified food (GM food) refers to crops plants created for human and animal consumption using the latest biotechnology. This genetic engineering is very accurate and exact traits can be injected into plants opposed to the traditional methods of crossbreeding, which was very time consuming and not always accurate. Scientists, to add the desired traits such as drought resistance, resistance to herbicides or higher yields with less fertiliser modify the plants in a laboratory. Specific genes are scientifically taken from certain organisms and placed into the other. The genes themselves can be transferred from species to species in a variety of ways. They can either be injected using needles made from bucky tubes, introduced through a virus or bacterium or they can be shot into the organism with a gold bullet. The genes can be transferred from plant species to plant species and also from non-plant species. A good example of this is the use of B.t. genes in corn. The B.t. bact erium is naturally occurring and is lethal to insect larvae so when it is transferred to corn it enables the corn to produce its own pesticides against insects. Genetically modified foods have not yet taken off, as there are still many arguments for and against the production of theses plants. The worlds population is expected to double within the next 50 years and concerns are being raised as to whether there will be enough food to support this kind of population. GM foods promise to meet these needs in many ways such as pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, cold tolerance, drought tolerance, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals. Farmers use tonnes of chemical pesticides annually to prevent devastating crop losses from insect pests. Many people do not like eating crops that have been sprayed as they see it as a potential health hazard and harming to the environment. Growing GM foods such as B.t. Corn can help eliminate the use of chemical pesticides a...

When the Review Tops the Book

When the Review Tops the Book When the Review Tops the Book When the Review Tops the Book By Daniel Scocco Some time ago one of our readers sent me a link to a brilliantly written book review, interestingly enough about a shockingly bad book. The person who wrote the review is called Charles Moore. Here is a quote from it: That pretty much sums up my experience reading Aaron Rayburns novel, THE SHADOW GOD. I took one for the team, so the rest of you would NEVER have to be subjected to this beast. I beg you, dont let my selflessness be for nothing. Heed my warning. This is the worst book ever written. The back cover copy reads Craig Johnson had two best friends, two caring parents, a hot girlfriend, and a nice trucknot bad for a twenty-year-old. Already were in trouble. The author photo shows Rayburn in all his mid-20s virginal glory. Manson contacts, a black cap turned backwards with a red 666 monogrammed on it, hes posing next to what looks like a rubber demon. His bio includes the line He also says that he owes a great deal of gratitude to the Devil . . . for filling his mind with such horrific images. If this book is the most horrific thing the devil can come up, I think humanity is safe from the threat of hell. So if you want laugh a bit, here is the permalink. All wannabe writers take notice of what might come after you publish your book! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should AvoidAt Your Disposal6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know

Defining And Understanding Ethical Mindfulness Social Work Essays

Defining And Understanding Ethical Mindfulness Social Work Essays Defining And Understanding Ethical Mindfulness Social Work Essay Defining And Understanding Ethical Mindfulness Social Work Essay My apprehension of professionalism is holding the subject to be cognizant of and work to a set of values made up of legal legislative acts, of professional organic structure models and guidelines and of employer policies, models and guidelines, which together item expected behavior. Those legislative acts, policies, models and guidelines should be used to place functions and duties which in bend define boundaries. The British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy ( BACP ) , of which I am a pupil member, is the largest professional organic structure in the UK for reding and psychotherapeutics and lays down what criterions of behavior counselors, service users and the public expect at a national degree. If a counselor or healer is a member of a professional organic structure, he or she will be bound by a codification of professional moralss model or in the instance of the BACP, the ethical framework†¦it recognises that picks are frequently non distinct, and that sometimes hard determinations need to be made that, even when taken in good religion, may hold unpredictable and unwanted results ( Merry, 2002:11 ) Professionalism and moralss both relate to proper behavior. I view the ethical model as a list of qualities for how the counselor should be and a list of behaviors for what the counselor should do and not make . Examples of the coveted attitudes include possessing empathy, earnestness, unity, resiliency, regard, humbleness, competency, equity, wisdom and bravery. Examples of the coveted behaviors include fidelity, liberty, beneficence, non-maleficence, justness and dignity. The BACP produced the ethical model to protect both the client and counselor through good pattern in reding and psychotherapeutics. It sets out a series of professional and personal values, underlying rules and moral qualities which reflect my properties as a trainee counselor in order to advance a safe and professional environment, one where I could enable clients to let trust to develop within our relationship. I abide by the BACP counsel on good pattern which is concerned with client safety, counselor duty and answerability, clear catching and my competency as a trainee counselor. It provides information for what counselors are expected to make and approve for effects of malpractice. I have chosen a conjectural ethical quandary, albeit a realistic one, relevant to my chosen arrangement at The Truce YMCA in Lancaster. A 16 twelvemonth old female client nowadayss with intelligence of her parents holding separated two hebdomads antecedently. She lives with her Dendranthema grandifloruom who is imbibing inordinate sums of intoxicant and who is non get bying with the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours responsibilities of looking after the client s nine twelvemonth old brother, who is now largely in the client s attention. No other repasts are being provided other than school dinners and no money is being allocated to them for nutrient. Last dark the client s Dendranthema grandifloruom pushed the client against the wall and the client has a head hurt. The client asks me non to state anyone. The ethical quandary here is that my client has disclosed a Child Protection issue and asked me to keep the confidentiality facet of the contract. There are several deductions, professionally I must transgress confidentiality as there would be no manner that I could keep that information, my unity would be conflicted. I would hold a professional duty that would be impossible for me to disregard. However, by transgressing confidentiality this could hold terrible effects for the client, myself ( our relationship ) , and the client s household. A inquiry I need to inquire myself is: What are our statutory responsibilities and duties? We have a responsibility under the Children Act 1989 to safeguard and protect kids who may be enduring from maltreatment. This may be physical, sexual, emotional or as a consequence of neglect hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tameside.gov.uk/childprotection/parentinfo # t2 day of the month accessed, 21st April 2010 The YMCA has put together a process flow chart and as portion of my preparation I have been made aware of it. It is a clear illustration of my function, duties and boundaries. Safeguarding agencies making everything you can to protect kids and immature people from injury. A precaution is a step to assist cut down the hazard of kids and immature people being harmed. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/trainingandconsultancy/consultancy/cst/safe_communities_toolkit_english_wdf70126.pdf day of the month accessed, 19th April 2010 The revelation demands to be sensitively, unfeignedly and respectfully explored in order to honor the rule of non-maleficence because every kid affairs. As a trainee counselor I have an ethical duty to endeavor to extenuate any injury caused to a client even when the injury is ineluctable or unintended ( BACP, 2007:03 ) There are several deductions: I am cognizant that the rule of fidelity requires a duty to honor the trust that has been placed in me as a trainee counselor and that how I move the procedure frontward from this point could change how the client and I may or may non work together in the hereafter. Without confidentiality and empathy there is possible to harm the relationship, and as Bond ( 1993:46 ) provinces that, responsibilities to the client are the first concern of the counselor. The justification of reding remainders on this work being undertaken in a counsellor-client relationship . Where as a trainee counselor can I happen counsel on consent and revelation? I could look into against the BACP guidelines, with my casework supervisor, my managerial supervisor, the bureaus codifications of pattern and policies, my coachs and Social Services. To avoid the possibility of prosecution I need to esteem my function and abide by the BACP counsel on good pattern which is concerned with client safety, counselor duty and answerability, clear catching and my competency as a trainee counselor. Professional answerability is besides cardinal in guaranting public protection and allows the Profession to travel frontward basking the public assurance in the services provided hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bacp.co.uk/prof_conduct/ 4th February 2010 The rule of beneficence involves moving in the client s best involvement and keeping the criterions of competency and cognition expected for members who continue to both personally and professionally develop by utilizing supervising for support. As I am working within an bureau I am expected, as a member of the BACP, to hold ongoing regular supervising for my work with a clinical supervisor and with my managerial supervisor. Supervisors, directors and counselors have a duty to keep and heighten good pattern, to protect clients from hapless pattern ( advancing their well-being ) and for the counselor to get the attitudes, accomplishments and cognition required for each of their functions raising consciousness and guaranting the just intervention of all clients and the singularity of single people sing civilization differences, gender or disablements which involves the rule regard of justness. When sing what action to take the first measure I would take would be to research what the client had told me by clear uping what had been said in order to look into out my understanding with the client. It is of import to place that there is a job and if so I would so work out whose job it was and in this instance it would be the client s. Yet I would be responsible to her, myself and accountable up the concatenation of bid within the administration. By puting the contract provided by The YMCA clearly so that it is understood by the client there is less opportunity of misinterpretations and more opportunity of boundaries being clear at the oncoming. The understanding of a contract protects both the client and the counselor. It proves that each party has agreed their duties and boundaries and that they each know where they stand in the guidance procedure in relation to their duties to each other. I would necessitate to mention back to the initial contract to remind the client about our understanding that would be in topographic point between us. I would hold aptly explained at the clip that should harm to self or others be disclosed to me that I would necessitate to transgress confidentiality. I would utilize appropriate linguistic communication for a 16 twelvemonth old to understand and include her in the procedure. I would esteem the rule of regard for liberty by discoursing the necessity of safeguarding her, protecting her and her younger brother and, with her consent, look intoing whether the kid protection officer would be available to come in the room to work it through all together by understanding my occupation functions and duties and working within my preparation and experience aptly I could present a professional degree of service that promotes safety and both at the same clip being to the full cognizant that she has picks and human rights excessively. Although I could hold a struggle of involvement in that I would hold to transgress confidentiality†¦ Human Rights Act 1998 Article 8.1 Everyone has the right to esteem for his private and household life, his place and his correspondence. Article 8.2 There shall be no intervention by a public authorization with the exercising of this right except every bit such as in conformity with the jurisprudence and is necessary in a democratic society in the involvements of national security, public safety or the economic wellbeing of the state, for the bar of upset or offense, for the protection of wellness or ethical motives, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others ( Bond, 2010:158 ) . †¦I would protect myself from judicial proceeding as I have a responsibility to detect the Code of Professional Conduct and the other guidelines issued by the BACP. Not all Torahs are perfect, the job is that Torahs are frequently generalised and unfastened to some reading and that s where they can be exploited. The jurisprudence sing 16 twelvemonth olds ( child versus Gillick competent versus grownup ) and the duty of Social Services to look after person until 18 old ages of age is non black and white. Person planning to travel to the Dignitas clinic in Switzerland to stop their life is within their ain rights and it would be an illustration of a instance where a counselor could esteem the client s self-respect. At the first available opportunity I had I would follow the illustration of a kid protection signifier, from my safeguarding policy and guidelines provided by the administration and do really clear, accurate, brief, factual notes of who said what, when it was said, where it was said and the nature of the concern. I would bear in head that the notes could be read by the client herself and if I was required to compose a study for tribunal I would be cognizant that I have non been trained to compose such a study and seek advice. Harmonizing to Pollecoff, et Al. ( 2002:58 ) Counsellors and clinical psychologists are in a alone place when asked to give evidence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦unlike other professionals, they do non needfully maintain elaborate notes of each session held with a client†¦Problems can originate sing client confidentiality in the context of showing studies or giving grounds . I would register the notes confidentially and each client has a codification to be used for namelessness intents, shop for six months, one time the instance is closed, so they are destroyed. Chemical bond ( 2010:158 ) suggests The Data Protection Act 1998†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦covers a broad scope of demands to make with record-keeping . I would name my instance supervisor and I would explicate what has happened, what I did ( discussed with line director and or referral to Child Protection Officer etc. ) and inquire him if there is anything else I should hold done or could make. Working within a multi bureau can be utile as it can run into the demands of immature people more efficaciously. Confidentiality processs are in topographic point and consent must be given by the individual concerned and must be present when consented information is shared. There are exceeding fortunes. At the same clip how I present myself and interact with people ( linguistic communication, visual aspect, actions and interactions ) influence feelings. There are informal outlooks and go oning with both professional and personal development ( supervising ) . Questions like What does the BACP say about this? are what I need to inquire myself in during my rating in order to make the right thing and cognizing how of import it is to non make the wrong thing because that could do harm to more than the client in the room. I hope that I have demonstrated that I understand that there is a demand to move within the jurisprudence at all times but in a manner that provides every bit much support and protection as possible towards the client foremost and first, towards myself and towards the organizational construction and the profession itself. It is non ever a instance of cognizing what to make to as an expert, but it seems to be a instance of cognizing what to make following and who to travel to in order to acquire the replies needed.

Financial Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Economics - Assignment Example In order to apply the capital asset pricing model it is assumed that the investors are rational whereas the investors are not rational and all the investors does not have same information. There are cases in which the investors gets an inside information related to a certain investment and thus invests in that investment. One of the major limitation is that the investors can borrow or lend any amount for any period of time at the risk free rate which is not possible in practice as there are limitations and restrictions and it is difficult to determine the risk free rate for a long period of time as it is considered as the rate of the government securities which are considered to be least risky. Capital asset pricing model considers the assets to be perfectly divisible and is marketable which is not possible in all circumstances as there are not sudden markets available for all of the assets and securities and all the assets are not perfectly divisible. Capital asset pricing model con siders that no transaction cost is incurred in the purchase and sale of the securities and thus limits the practical implication in which the transaction costs are bared by investors when buying or selling the securities (Fama & French, 2004). Task A (b) The lending and the borrowing rate is elaborated as in the Role’s Critique of the empirical tests of capital asset pricing model they explained that risk free rate is available when lending is done but this rate is not available when it comes to borrowing. Thus the limitation of capital asset pricing model is further elaborated regarding the risking free rate as the risk free rate is only available for lending as the government securities can be bought which is easy but the risk free rate cannot be charged when borrowing as it is not possible (Ansari, 2000). Roll’s critique determined the limitation of the possibility regarding the selection of market portfolio where the relation is to be determine between the systemat ic risk and expected return on security is to be linear and if that is not the case than the efficiency is not determined of the capital asset pricing model but it is of the chosen index and the linear relation can be determined from any portfolio and not just from the market portfolio. The empirical test of capital asset pricing model is just the efficiency of the chosen market index and thus the relation is just the linear function of measured betas and of the average returns. Roll elaborated that the true market portfolio is necessary so as to test the efficiency of capital asset pricing model where all the conditions of capital asset pricing model are satisfied but the determination of the true market is impossible thus removing the possibility of testing the capital asset pricing model. Task A (c) The arbitrage pricing theory determined that the expected return is not only the basis of the expected return on which the investors make the investment decisions. The decisions of th e investment regarding the investment is not assumed to be based solely upon the expected return which is the limitation of the capital asset pricing model and thus addressing and eliminating the limitation of capital asset pricing model. Capital asset pricing model’s limitation of the normal distribution of the return is accounting for in the

Do state assessments truly measure a disabled students' intellectual Research Paper

Do state assessments truly measure a disabled students' intellectual abilities - Research Paper Example Testing to Students with Disabilities Students with disabilities should be afforded the same kinds of opportunities to do well in high-stakes testing. This is proven in a document released by The University of the State of New York?and The State Education Department?Office of Vocational and Education Services ?for Individuals with Disabilities (VESID). It states: According to Test Access and Accommodations for Students with Disabilities (2006), â€Å"All students, including students with disabilities, are expected to learn and achieve high standards.   To meet this goal, students with disabilities must have access to general education curriculum courses, electives and required assessments.   This was affirmed in 1997 when the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was amended to require that students with disabilities, including students with severe cognitive disabilities through the development of a State alternate assessment, participate in State and districtwide a ssessments† (pgh. 1). Further, it has been noted that appropriate testing accommodations can and shall have been made in order to take into account the fact that there are several different types of differently-abled learners. What should matter is that these students are given the same types of opportunities as students in regular and Honors courses to achieve their best, at whatever level of schooling they are at—but especially in high school so they are adequately prepared to move on to higher education beyond the secondary level. According to Test Access and Accommodations for Students with Disabilities (2006), â€Å"IDEA 2004 further strengthened this requirement by adding several new provisions that will ensure that students have access to State tests and that test results are valid and... The research paper tells that students with disabilities should be afforded the same kinds of opportunities to do well in high-stakes testing. This is proven in a document released by The University of the State of New York and The State Education Department Office of Vocational and Education Services for Individuals with Disabilities (VESID). Further, it has been noted that appropriate testing accommodations can and shall have been made in order to take into account the fact that there are several different types of differently-abled learners. What should matter is that these students are given the same types of opportunities as students in regular and Honors courses to achieve their best, at whatever level of schooling they are at—but especially in high school so they are adequately prepared to move on to higher education beyond the secondary level. These accommodations that are called for routinely help assess students’ true intellectual abilities by helping students demonstrate how they have attained a mastery of certain skill sets. According to Test Access and Accommodations for Students with Disabilities, â€Å"Many students with disabilities will require testing accommodations in order to participate in testing programs on an equal basis with their nondisabled peers. Such accommodations provide students with the ability to demonstrate mastery of skills and attainment of knowledge without being limited or unfairly restricted due to [having] a disability†.

Pd film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pd film - Movie Review Example The primary character in this case is Max Klein, one of the survivors after the plane crash. On realizing that the plane is on a crash course and there is minimal chance of survival, he gets comfortable with the idea that his life is going to be ended. In this situation, Max did not want it to be that he was the only one. This is because there were a whole lot of passengers who were scared by the situation at hand. It is at this point that we see the power of thought and the belief system, which a person has, working for them. Max is of the opinion that he is going to die and he has willingly accepted the fact. In this same case, he offers the other passengers a semblance of consolation. The other way through which this event seems to have changed the life of Max is by letting him do away with some of the fears, which he had. In this case, the fear, which is in question, is the fear of flying. This is something, which is exhibited when he declines the tickets, which were offered to him for the purpose of transport to San Francisco. He clearly states that he does not fear flying anymore. What this shows to the normal person is that it is of the essence to let of the fears, which act as barriers to the development of a person. The reason for this is that it may be difficult for the individual in question to make any significant progress in his or her life. This is simply because he or she is tied to the fears, which he or she seems to be having in his or her life. The happenings in the film also point out to the viewers that it is very important to be people who live for the moment and enjoy the pleasures which life has to offer. This is a fact, which was highlighted when Max met up with Alison, his high school sweetheart. Initially, it is realized that he had an allergy for strawberries. However, upon their meeting, Alison notes that max is eating strawberries. She questions this and the answer gives is that Max had gotten past his

Outline chapter(4) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Outline chapter(4) - Assignment Example So a situation where these resources are lacking, it’s obvious without generalization that the process would not be efficient and effective. The curriculum if not well designed to meet the need of the current situation and job market would rather lead to learners being wasted by the end of it all. Most curricula are not learners centered. Learning approaches used has got a very wide scope which indeed makes the whole system boring However the guidelines for visualized learning, teaching and leading in an attempt to improve on the process are thereby discussed. Visible teaching entails the use of hyper actives model to make learning more interesting, it has been enforced through the inclusion of various learning modes. Visible assessment: majorly the entry behavior of the learner needs to be put into considerations, setting of the goals and objectives and the end of it all check on the consistency and while doing that possible haunches needs to be noted. Lastly visible leading must trained and instilled in the learners In conclusion, these fundamental issues influencing the learning process can be improved by incorporative trained personnel in the learning institutions. In addition to that there should be an inclusion programs for instance the visible techniques mentioned in the

Genetics and Criminal Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetics and Criminal Behavior - Research Paper Example If for instance a person is proved to be genetically predisposed to criminal behaviour, they can be given intervention therapy to help them not to end up in crime. This would be like knowing that someone is about to get some disease and intervening before they actually get the disease. It would work as a way to immunize the person from criminal behaviour by helping them to be able to recognise their won weaknesses and how to overcome them. The second way in which this kind of approach to criminology can be useful in the prevention of crime is by helping the criminals to be able to pin point criminals long before they commit any crime (Connor, 1995). Not only would it be able to help in preventing crime, it would also be able to help in situations where investigations of already committed crime are being carried out. This would help in identifying suspects in a much easier way and being able to carry out investigations in an effective way. There are various cases where genetics have been seen to be a cause for criminal behaviour. A good example of this is the Jared Lee Loughner case in which Jared Lee Loughner went on a shooting spree where he killed six people and injured numerous others (Denno, 2011). His defence counsel asked that a forensic psychiatrist carry out an assessment of the suspect. William Bernet, a psychiatrist carried out an assessment of the suspect and concluded that he had a rare mental condition, m onoamine oxidase which would predispose him to violent actions. The lawyers were able to prove that the suspect did not carry out the criminal act of his own will but that he was genetically predisposed to do the same. The above case also proves that using behavioural genetics can be useful in the justice system in making sure that justice is served in the best way possible. Failing to do so will mean that the people will not be able to get full

Sustainability in Global Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sustainability in Global Business - Assignment Example In global context a business should strive efficiently in order to meet triple bottom line. Sustainability can be achieved by global business if sustainability principles are incorporated in business decision making, environmental friendly goods are supplied by firms, traditional competition is managed more efficiently and business is highly committed towards environmental principles. This study shall focus on major challenges that would be faced by firm in nearby future. It would even encompass a sustainable innovation strategy which will help in providing competitive advantage and value in 2050 business scenario. Globalization has provided immense opportunities to many large organizations. Growing interconnectedness resulted from globalization that was highly reflected on flow of technology, information, services, people, goods and capital across the globe. Certain aspects of globalization will be altered in the coming years but revolution of information technology shall remain unaltered. The mega trend is expected to shape substantiality of a firm. Around the world developing and developed countries would benefit from world economy gains (Andersen, 2006). Fastest growing consumer markets would initiate growth of world class multinationals. Western countries are focusing on international economic dynamism. Adaptability and accessibility of advanced technology would increase by 2050. Vision for 2050 is to develop such business environment that can lessen the impact on environment (Bennett, 2006). Figure1 represents the population growth by 2050. Macroeconomic scenario encompasses numerical GD P projections, sectorial activity, population and household income. There are 22 sectors within EU member states. These sectors comprise of 10 energy intensive industries, 3 service sectors, 6 non intensive energy firms and energy supply and agriculture sector. Figure1 states the projection of

Outline chapter(4) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Outline chapter(4) - Assignment Example So a situation where these resources are lacking, it’s obvious without generalization that the process would not be efficient and effective. The curriculum if not well designed to meet the need of the current situation and job market would rather lead to learners being wasted by the end of it all. Most curricula are not learners centered. Learning approaches used has got a very wide scope which indeed makes the whole system boring However the guidelines for visualized learning, teaching and leading in an attempt to improve on the process are thereby discussed. Visible teaching entails the use of hyper actives model to make learning more interesting, it has been enforced through the inclusion of various learning modes. Visible assessment: majorly the entry behavior of the learner needs to be put into considerations, setting of the goals and objectives and the end of it all check on the consistency and while doing that possible haunches needs to be noted. Lastly visible leading must trained and instilled in the learners In conclusion, these fundamental issues influencing the learning process can be improved by incorporative trained personnel in the learning institutions. In addition to that there should be an inclusion programs for instance the visible techniques mentioned in the

Sustainability in Global Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sustainability in Global Business - Assignment Example In global context a business should strive efficiently in order to meet triple bottom line. Sustainability can be achieved by global business if sustainability principles are incorporated in business decision making, environmental friendly goods are supplied by firms, traditional competition is managed more efficiently and business is highly committed towards environmental principles. This study shall focus on major challenges that would be faced by firm in nearby future. It would even encompass a sustainable innovation strategy which will help in providing competitive advantage and value in 2050 business scenario. Globalization has provided immense opportunities to many large organizations. Growing interconnectedness resulted from globalization that was highly reflected on flow of technology, information, services, people, goods and capital across the globe. Certain aspects of globalization will be altered in the coming years but revolution of information technology shall remain unaltered. The mega trend is expected to shape substantiality of a firm. Around the world developing and developed countries would benefit from world economy gains (Andersen, 2006). Fastest growing consumer markets would initiate growth of world class multinationals. Western countries are focusing on international economic dynamism. Adaptability and accessibility of advanced technology would increase by 2050. Vision for 2050 is to develop such business environment that can lessen the impact on environment (Bennett, 2006). Figure1 represents the population growth by 2050. Macroeconomic scenario encompasses numerical GD P projections, sectorial activity, population and household income. There are 22 sectors within EU member states. These sectors comprise of 10 energy intensive industries, 3 service sectors, 6 non intensive energy firms and energy supply and agriculture sector. Figure1 states the projection of

Full block international letter Essay Example for Free

Full block international letter Essay September 11, 2007 Dear Mr. John, Thanks for writing to us, enquiring about our new hair-product, â€Å"Growmore†. We appreciate your kind interest. We are aware that you are one of the top super-stockiest of hair-oil products in your State, California; you have the network to supply the products to about 3000 boutiques all over the State. We have received hundreds of enquiries from your State, in response to our mail-order communication, but you are the one selected by the Company for further negotiations for a sales contract. Yes, it is possible with you. Though we do not have any business dealings so far, our Managing Director Mr.Wills Parker is personally aware of the reputation of your Company. We believe, you have gone through the product catalogue. Being in this line, you must have come across some interesting new features about this oil. This product is catching up fast with the women clients; it is already the number one product of our company within a short span of two years. Extensive promotion of this product is being done this year in the European and USA markets. Now that we are on the threshold of a working deal, I need to share some additional information with you, not mentioned in the catalogue. A research team of five, all of them holding Doctorates in herbal medicines, was given the responsibility of developing this unique product, three years ago. Along with application of the oil, guidelines about figure, diets and nutrition, exercising, staying young and healthy and beauty problems of every kind have been given. The truth about this hair oil is that mere applications will not do; hair-growth can not be bought in a jar it is necessary to tell the truth to a client, to win the long-term trust—one has to change the living style. The results are guaranteed. Only a healthy individual will have the healthy growth of hair. Every woman, irrespective of the age, would like to remain poised and sophisticated, with a stunning hair-growth. Hair is the permanent and most versatile accessory of a woman. It is a vital part of her personality and looks. To a cosmopolitan woman, it is a medium of art and self-expression. We only wish to assure them that it is possible to fulfill their aspirations. This is the genuine assurance of our product. This product cures the existing problems and prevents the impending ones that contribute to then loss of hair. I am writing this letter in some length, because we are aware that you are the stockiest of hair oil and other products for many companies. We demand your very best attention to promote our product at the initial stage. We say, at the initial stage, because we know, the intelligent and satisfied customers will then take over the sales campaign for the benefit of both of us. Chemically prepared and preserved cosmetics have done enough damage to the hair of women. Now the herbs, fruits and vegetables have taken over. The facts mentioned in hundreds of ancient texts on herbal oils have been researched over, and this product is the result of it. The first dispatch of 2000 jars is under way. As discussed over the phone, our Chief Sales Manager (International), Mr. K. L. Baptist will call on you, with an appointment, within the next ten days. We look forward for a happy and long association with you. Yours truly, Mark Patterson. Deputy General Manager.

Reflective Essay On Patient Encounters Using Gibbs Cycle Nursing Essay

Reflective Essay On Patient Encounters Using Gibbs Cycle Nursing Essay In this essay, I will reflect upon a experience which I had with a patient using the Gibbs cycle of reflection (Gibbs, 1998) to help to signpost my answer and help the reader to read this essay with ease. Description of the event: During my clinical placement I have encountered a number of patients, each one possessing a unique personality thereby required a slight adaptation of my professional behaviour in order to communicate most effectively with each individual. During one particular placement within my allocated hospital, I encountered a patient who was younger than the patients that I had previous met and conversed with over the previous months. The patient, aged 3 months, attended the clinic with his father regarding his physiotherapy for his Cystic Fibrosis (CF). I was asked to carry out a subjective assessment of the patient however, the setting of this encounter was rather different from the set-up which had been used in the past, and although I had seen patients who were younger in the past, this patient was different as it rapidly became apparent that he had been brought by his father who was unable to speak fluent English and was also unable to understand much English at all. In the normal situation with young patients, due to the patients young age and the presence of her father, it would be typical to direct most of the questioning towards the patients parents or guardian with whom they attended rather than at the patient himself, despite the necessary inclusion of the patient in the discussion wherever possible. I would then physically assess the patient. However, in this setting, it was very difficult to ask any questions to both the patient or to their parent and instead, most of the information about the health of the patient and their physiotherapeutic interventions which they required was gained from the examination of the patient and not from any information which they provided. Feelings: Upon reflection, I feel that although, at first the situation did both feel and appear new and challenging, my ability to communicate with the client was not helped by the fact that I was unable to think of a new way to phrase the questions, which I had. In addition, the patients father kept looking at the trained physiotherapist (my mentor) for reassurance and guidance with the language being used and thus, this made me also look towards my mentor for help. When my mentor took over the line of questioning, and the conduction of the assessment, his approach was to ask the patients the questions in a loud and slow voice. This appeared to aid the patients fathers understanding greatly. I felt, at this point however, that I had let myself and the mentor down, as I was unable to conduct the procedures which I was expecting to and I also felt that I had let the patient down, through my inability to communicate effectively with them. When examining the patient, my tutor made sure that he looked at the patients father at all times when speaking and also that he used body language to highlight the meaning of what he was saying also. This again, helped the patients father to understand the meaning of what was being carried out and what was being said. Visual aids were also used to ensure that the patients father understood. For example, when my tutor was asking whether the patient had taken his antibiotics for his CF and what physiotherapy he thought his child required. When asking such questions, he pointed to a prescription on his desk, which helped the father to understand what was being said. This clearly made the difference between the patient not understanding what was being said to gaining an appropriate understanding and being able to answer the questions properly and accordingly. Evaluation: From this experience I also learnt that in the case of younger patients, particularly babies, it is important to be able to talk to the parents, as the patient themselves would be unable to provide information. This is because when a child has a condition such as CF, it is regularly the parents who will be worried and concerned about this and additionally; it is the parents who deal with the physiotherapy and the treatments, which the child receives. Additionally, it will be the parents of the child who will manage the symptoms that their child has, and conduct the physiotherapeutic interventions on the child until they come of age where this can be continued by the child. In the case of the patient who was not fluent in speaking English, I have noted the importance of speaking both loudly, and slowly and using all the different sorts of body language possible in order to ensure that the patients parents were put at ease and were able to comprehend the questions, which we re being asked. Analysis: My experience has taught me that in order to improve my communication skills with patients of different languages, I will need to increase my interaction with a range of patients with different native languages and those who are not fluent in speaking English. This will most likely be achieved through increased exposure to patients within my clinical placement and I will try to ensure that I increase my exposure to individuals of a variety of nationalities wherever possible within my placements. Meeting this patient and his father also highlighted the requirement to adapt not only the language used when asking questions, but also the language tone and the nature of my body language used throughout the assessment. Conclusion: In conclusion, due to the presence of both the patient (the baby) and his father, not only did this patient encounter bring with it the challenge of the language barrier, but it also brought the experience of needing to integrate multiple people into a conversation without loosing the flow of the conversation. For example, it was clear that there was a need to build a rapport with the patient themselves, despite their young age, in order to put them at ease during their physical, physiological examination. This is important for physiotherapists to establish a good patient rapport, especially with children, in order to make physical assessment easier. This was clear because when the patient first entered the room, he was looking around the room and not smiling very frequently. After being within our company for a small amount of time, and after I had smiled at the patient and looked at him to engage him when speaking to his father it was clear that he felt much more relaxe d and comfortable as he began to smile and look at us when we were talking. He was less interested in his surroundings and appeared to be much more at ease. Action plan: The experience also showed that I must work on my communication skills and my coping strategies in different clinical situations. Thus, in the future, I aim to increase my level of exposure to patients of all ages by attending a variety of physiotherapy clinics and talking to patients. This should help in the development of such skills and make experiences such as this, much easier to manage effectively.

Just War Doctrine And The Gulf Conflict Essay -- essays research paper

Just War Doctrine and the Gulf Conflict   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In evaluating US involvement in the Iraq conflict in terms of the Just War Doctrine - jus ad bellum and jus in bello - it is my opinion that the US adhered to the Doctrine in its entirety. The US acted justly both in its entering into the Gulf conflict (jus ad bellum) and in its conduct while in the conflict (jus in bello). To support this opinion I will individually address the co parts that constitute the Just War Doctrine and show how US participation in the Iraq war abstained from violating the tenets of either co-part. Jus Ad Bellum Jus Ad Bellum, the justness of entering into conflict consists of six primary tenets: legitimate authority, just cause, proportionality, right intention, chance of success, and last resort.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Legitimate Authority - Only those of legitimate authority may justly lead its country into war. This tenet disqualify revolutionaries, radicals and/or subversives who seek to justly initiate war. War is to be the decisions of the head of state and is to be subject to their guidance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Just Cause - A just conflict may not be initiated void of just cause. This tenet disallows justifying war for the purpose of economic gain, land acquisition, or strategic position. If war is to be justly initiated just cause, usually humanitarian, must first exist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Right Intention - This relates to the tenet of just cause. Just cause must be followed by right intention. It would be unjust seek a goal devoid of the just cause.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Proportionality - Also in relation to just cause is the tenet of proportionality. Proportionality must exist between the cause and the decision to go to war. For country (a) to initiate a total war with country (b) because of a minor violation that country (b) was responsible for would be unproportional and unjust. There is not cause enough to warrant country (b) being subjected to a total war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. Chance of Success - War must be initiated with a chance of success. It would be unjust to lead people into a war they have no chance of winning. It would more just to bow to superiority and fight another day than to commit to a policy of suicide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. Last Resort - This is probab... ... possible. Though the US possessed immense destructive capabilities they employed only that necessary to get the job done. The most effective aspect of the coalition forces was their air assault. The various jet-fueled fighters and bombers the US employed were more than capable of turning Iraq quite literally into a parking lot. They did not. Instead bombing occurred only where enemy forces or enemy armament was suspected to be stored. Civilian areas were not fired upon unless a threat, such as an anti-aircraft gun, was placed in a civilian area, and in these instances pin-point missiles were used to eliminate the threat with as little destruction to the surrounding area as possible. This adheres to the moral means doctrine which finds indiscriminate weapons unjust. Though the US was authorized to use any and all means they employed nothing more than what was necessary to complete the job adequately.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I stated above UN Resolution 678 left the door wide open to possible violations of International Law. Despite this US went beyond the call of duty to assure that its role in the Gulf conflict was just. Risking their own well being, US pilots often gav

Colonialism and Imperialism in Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

Imperialism Exposed in Conrad's Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   Joseph Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness' is a novel about European imperialism and its far-reaching effects. Conrad relates his personal opinions through the protagonist, Marlow, who learns a great deal about imperialism while on a journey to the African Congo. Although 'Heart of Darkness' seems to be an anti-imperialistic work, this is not entirely true. Conrad condemns the overly idealistic nature of imperialism, but does not attack Britain's competent employment of it.    "Heart of Darkness" opens with a discussion between Marlow and his friends concerning the idealistic imperialism of conquerors, especially English, who were "bearers of a spark from the sacred fire"-the fire of civilization (1428). Marlow himself had "tingled with enthusiasm" at the thought of imperialism, as his friends do during their recollection of the past, but this is all before his experience in the Congo, where he uncovers the crudeness of the Belgians. Marlow believes that imperialism is not always "a pretty thing," but if the conquest of land is approached in ... ...al, 1988. Edward W. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983) 13. Hillman, James. "Notes on White Supremacy: Essaying an Archetypal Account of Historical Events," Spring (1986): 29-57. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992. Meyers, Jeffrey.   Joseph Conrad.   New York:   Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991. Patrick Brantlinger, "Heart of Darkness: Anti-Imperialism, Racism, or Impressionism?" Criticism (Fall, 1985) 364.    Colonialism and Imperialism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness Essay Imperialism Exposed in Conrad's Heart of Darkness      Ã‚   Joseph Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness' is a novel about European imperialism and its far-reaching effects. Conrad relates his personal opinions through the protagonist, Marlow, who learns a great deal about imperialism while on a journey to the African Congo. Although 'Heart of Darkness' seems to be an anti-imperialistic work, this is not entirely true. Conrad condemns the overly idealistic nature of imperialism, but does not attack Britain's competent employment of it.    "Heart of Darkness" opens with a discussion between Marlow and his friends concerning the idealistic imperialism of conquerors, especially English, who were "bearers of a spark from the sacred fire"-the fire of civilization (1428). Marlow himself had "tingled with enthusiasm" at the thought of imperialism, as his friends do during their recollection of the past, but this is all before his experience in the Congo, where he uncovers the crudeness of the Belgians. Marlow believes that imperialism is not always "a pretty thing," but if the conquest of land is approached in ... ...al, 1988. Edward W. Said, The World, the Text, and the Critic. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983) 13. Hillman, James. "Notes on White Supremacy: Essaying an Archetypal Account of Historical Events," Spring (1986): 29-57. McLynn, Frank. Hearts of Darkness: The European Exploration of Africa. New York: Carol & Gey, 1992. Meyers, Jeffrey.   Joseph Conrad.   New York:   Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991. Patrick Brantlinger, "Heart of Darkness: Anti-Imperialism, Racism, or Impressionism?" Criticism (Fall, 1985) 364.   

A Smoke Free Campus Health And Social Care Essay

Smoke-free campus – a study of pupil smoking behavior and attitudes towards smoke-free policies in University Halls of ResidenceBackgroundSmoking within higher instruction pupils in the UK is frequently overlooked due to comprehend low prevalence, nevertheless with increased engagement and increasing Numberss of international pupils within UK universities smoking prevalence may hold increased. Smoke-free statute law, introduced in the UK in 2007, applies to university adjustment. Small grounds exists on the impact of smoke-free policies in UK higher instruction residential environments.PurposesTo measure smoking behaviors within pupils and the impact of smoke-free policy in a Higher Education environment.MethodsA cross-sectional online study was delivered to occupants within university adjustment to mensurate smoking prevalence, behavior and attitudes toward smoke, motive to discontinue, cognition of smoke-free policy and positions on policy development. Logistic arrested development theoretical accounts were used to research forecasters for exposure to tobacco fume and motives to discontinue.ConsequencesA sum of 637 pupils responded to the study of which 587 were eligible to take part and were included in the survey. The bulk of respondents were ‘home ‘ pupils from the UK ( 67.3 % ) , first twelvemonth undergraduate pupils ( 66.3 % ) and female ( 57.8 % ) . Sm oking prevalence within a residential pupil population was calculated at 38.3 % , higher in males ( 57.3 % ) than females ( 42.7 % ) though this was non significantly different ( OR 0.72, 95 % CI 0.52-1.01, p=0.06 ) . Non-daily tobacco users were less likely to place themselves as tobacco users and those who started smoking at a younger age are more likely to still smoke. Students were bothered if other people smoked close to them ( 60.3 % ) . After seting for gender and place state, pupils were 10 times more likely to mind if other people smoke nearby ( OR 0.1, 95 % CI 0.06-0.15, P & lt ; 0.001 ) . A figure of pupils did non place with being a tobacco user ( 32.4 % ) , half of non-daily tobacco users were in this group. Over two tierces of tobacco users intended to discontinue at some point. The bulk of pupils ( 70.9 % ) stated that they were on a regular basis exposed to other peoples tobacco fume on University premises. Inside university abodes, 17.9 % were on a regular basis exposed to smoke. The adjustment site, the pupils smoking position and if the pupil smokes indoors are independent forecasters of being exposed to smoke inside abodes. Knowledge of smoke-free policy with a university residential scene is limited, as is enforcement and hence success. An appetite exists for policy development towards restricted out-of-door smoke.DecisionSmoking prevalence within UK higher instruction pupil populations may be higher than normally perceived, though purposes to discontinue are reported. Knowledge of smoke-free policies within university adjustment is patchy and enforcement activity is low, though an appetency for policy development exists.Introductionâ€Å" Accounting for about 79,0001 deceases from related diseases and wellness results each twelvemonth, smoke is widely acknowledged as the individual most harmful, preventable wellness load in England. Equally good as the expressed wellness effects of smoking for the population, the inexplicit cost load of smoking related wellness concerns to the NHS is estimated at about ?5.2 billion per year2. Media advertisement and sponsorship of featuring events by baccy companies were banned in 2002-20033 and in 2007 Article 84 of the World Health Organisation ( WHO ) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ( 2005 ) 5 was expanded sing the protection of the populace from exposure to tobacco fume. Smoke-free statute law in many states had pre-empted these expanded guidelines, with the UK phasing the debut of smoke-free statute law, England being the concluding state to implement smoke-free policy in July 2007. The statute law bans smoking in public edifices, workplaces and vehicles used for work intents and includes offices, fabrication premises, the cordial reception industry etc. Exceptions to the statute law can be made for designated sleeping rooms in hotels and other residential establishments, such as prisons and pupil adjustment. A figure of surveies undertaken shortly following the debut of the statute law suggested important additions in ‘quit efforts ‘ and decreases in smoking prevalence due to the legislation6, although this was thought to hold slowed over time7. A reappraisal of grounds published by the University of Bath in March 20118 loosely agreed with these findings. A proposed comprehensive reappraisal of the impact of smoke-free statute law, scheduled for 2010, was non undertaken as the authorities felt that ‘the statute law is working'9. Smoking within the higher instruction pupil population is non widely regarded as a peculiar job, with smoking being more traditionally linked to manual occupations10. However, with recent enterprises to widen engagement in Higher Education making a more assorted pupil population, along with increasing Numberss of international pupils, many from states where smoke is more prevailing than in the UK, smoking prevalence within the pupil organic structure may hold increased. Datas made available by the University of Leicester ‘s linked GP surgery to Leicester City PCT, through the NHS Quality Management and Analysis System ( QMAS ) , suggests that about 10 % of the pupils registered with the pattern are recorded as tobacco users. This information must be treated as declarative due to a figure of factors: including the built-in nature of QMAS smoking data11 ; the fact that those registered with the surgery will merely be a proportion of the overall pupil population ; plus the possible for misreporting of smoking position when registering with the surgery ( up to 2000 pupils register in Halls of Residence on the first weekend of the academic twelvemonth when parents are frequently present ) , although the figure is loosely in line with the findings of the National Census of Students12. Anecdotal and observed grounds within the University ‘s residential environment suggests that a figure of pupils who start university as non-smokers become tobac co users in order to ‘fit-in ‘ with others ; some tobacco users begin to smoke more to a great extent, whilst some former tobacco users start to smoke one time more, as suggested by old research in the USA13. Furthermore, some insouciant or ‘social ‘ tobacco users may non place themselves as smokers14. â€Å" 15 Whilst old research has been conducted into the impacts of smoke-free policy overall, along with specific surveies focussed upon health care, particularly in mental wellness scenes, small or no research focussed upon a higher instruction scene is apparent. This survey, hence, aims to measure pupil attitudes towards smoke and the impact of smoke-free policy within a Higher Education residential scene. The survey investigates current smoking behavior within the resident pupil population, cognition of current smoke policy within the residential adjustment and the possible effects of future extensions of policy to make a smoke-free campus.Literature ReviewA literature reappraisal was undertaken to set up and summarize the background to the survey undertaking and old work published in the country. Searches of three academic databases: Embase ( 1980 – 2012 ) ; Ovid MEDLINE ( 1996 – 2012 ) and Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge ; were undertaken, accessed through the University of Nottingham ‘s e-library gateway. A keyword hunt was performed utilizing the keywords: university ; higher instruction ; college and pupil. Title phrase hunts were performed utilizing the footings: smok $ policy ; smoking ban $ ; smoke-free ; no smo ke ; smoking control ; and tobacco control. The keyword hunt was combined with each rubric phrase utilizing the Boolean â€Å" and † operator in order to contract and concentrate the hunt consequences. The resulting lists of paperss returned by the three hunts were compared and duplicate consequences discounted. A ocular scan of rubrics and abstracts was so performed to filtrate out documents related to subjects outside the focal point of this survey. The comparatively little figure of documents retained for inclusion were downloaded in full text format and read. Pertinent works cited within the documents, which had non appeared within the database hunt consequences, were searched for utilizing Google and, where available and relevant, downloaded for inclusion. It must be acknowledged that no effort was made to beginning ‘grey ‘ literature which may hold uncovered surveies with contrasting findings16. Relatively small work was found on the topic of the effects of smoke-free policies in higher instruction residential environments, with the bulk of documents found associating to surveies undertaken in North America. A sum of 19 documents were identified through the literature hunt and included within the reappraisal. A schematic of the hunt scheme and consequences are presented in Appendix A and B severally.Smoking in pupilsSmoking within pupil populations of the UK has received small attending within the research literature. However, a figure of surveies have been undertaken, preponderantly in the US and Canada, which focussed on the issue of pupil smoke and the potency of baccy control methods to cut down prevalence. A organic structure of research work was undertaken within the US in the late 1990 ‘s and early 2000 ‘s following an addition of smoking prevalence within the immature grownup ( 18 to 24 old ages ) population throughout the 1990 ‘s, and more pertinently, an addition in smoking prevalence within college and university students17, 18. Much of this work focussed on baccy control methods within the higher instruction sector of North America. Etter et al19 had, nevertheless, begun to look at a similar issue in Geneva, Switzerland in 1999, following study work undertaken in 1996. Etter et al19 recognised that, despite Federal Swiss Torahs aimed at work force protection from baccy fume introduced in 1993, smoking prevalence in Geneva within grownups was in the order of 40 % for work forces and 33 % in females, with prevalence amongst adolescents holding about doubled within the old decennary. Several of the studies14, 17, 18, 20-25 identified that college or university old ages are possibly the most important clip in a tobacco user ‘s ‘career ‘ as, in many countries, the 18 to 24 age group is the youngest age group at which baccy companies can aim advertisement and promotions17, 18, 21, 22, 25, 26. Potential alterations in fortunes and peer groups at this age could either initiate smoke behavior, or convert occasional tobacco users to accustomed smokers14, 18, 20-25.Smoking prevalence in pupilsIn a comparing of pupils from 23 states, Steptoe et al27 found that smoking prevalence varied widely across the universe and between genders, as antecedently suggested by Lopez et al28. Steptoe et al's27 findings suggested smoking prevalence amongst the sample of pupils from England to be 29 % in work forces and 28 % in adult females, although response rates may be misdirecting as the study was administered to those in category, instead than the whole pupil cohort. Green et al21 found that amongst an 18 to 24 twelvemonth age group, non-college educated immature grownups were twice every bit likely to smoke than those enrolled in or holding graduated college, although Green et al's21 prevalence figures fell well below those reported by an ongoing one-year monitoring study in the US. Wechsler et al17 found that an overall smoke prevalence of 26.8 % reduced to 21 % in a sub-population life in smoke-free adjustment, compared to 30.6 % in unrestricted lodging, with those who were non regular tobacco users prior to age 19 demoing a lower leaning to smoke if based in non-smoking abodes. Hahn et al29 reported a 32 % decrease in smoking rate to 19.4 % within a pupil sample in an country with comprehensive, long-standing smoke-free Torahs compared to a 21 % decrease within an country of comparatively recent no smoke regulations, though Hahn et al29 recognised that smoking rates within the comparative age group, nationally, fell over the same period. Et ter et al19, nevertheless, found no alteration in smoking prevalence following the debut of a smoke-free policy in university edifices.Smoking behavior and attitudes towards smokingWhere in most surveies tobacco users were categorised by smoking frequence or ingestion, the designation of ‘smokers ‘ was raised by Berg et al14, 23 as an issue of concern sing the measuring of smoking prevalence. Berg et al23 found that over half of respondents to a study of pupils, who had smoked a coffin nail within the old 30 yearss, did non place themselves as tobacco users. In their ulterior work, Berg et al14 suggested that a complex form of standards were contemplated by pupils in order to specify a tobacco user. These standards ranged from frequence and graduated table of ingestion, clip since induction of smoking behavior and the act of smoking entirely ( versus ‘social ‘ smoke at parties etc. ) , to whether a individual buys coffin nails, exhibits the ability to discont inue easy or expose a wont. In some instances personality and physical features were cited as specifying a tobacco user. Further to the designation, and self-identification, of the position as a tobacco user, the definition of smoking position becomes progressively complex when sing the classification of tobacco users. Berg et al14 found that within focal point group participants, all of whom were tobacco users, several classs of ‘smoker ‘ were identified including â€Å" regular, occasional, or societal tobacco users † . Some participants were untalkative as to the designation of societal tobacco users as tobacco users ; nevertheless, the groups experienced trouble in specifying precisely when a ‘social tobacco user ‘ becomes a ‘smoker ‘ . Hassmiller et al30 identified the being of non-daily tobacco users as a discreet class of tobacco user exhibiting settled forms of smoke, contrary to old suggestions that non-daily or societal smoke is a impermanent phase between either induction and day-to-day smoke, or daily smoke and quitting. Berg et al31 found that bei ng a non-daily tobacco user was non needfully synonymous with being a ‘social ‘ tobacco user, as 42 % of non-daily smoke respondents reported chiefly smoking in state of affairss other than those deemed to be societal. Nichter et al32 found that a differentiation existed between ‘acceptable ‘ and ‘unacceptable ‘ smoke, wherein smoke whilst imbibing at parties was mostly considered acceptable and â€Å" non truly smoking † . However, Nichter et al32 besides found that complex regulations applied to insouciant smoke at parties to enable members of both genders to ‘look cool ‘ on the one manus, but to non smoke excessively much, or outside the party context on the other. The classification of smoking position was approached a figure of ways within the literature. Some documents merely dichotomised respondents to studies as tobacco user or non-smoker18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 29, where some subdivided the tobacco user class into groups such as day-to-day and non-daily smokers31.Motivation to discontinue smokeMoran et al33 and Berg et al14, 23 found that those college pupils who denied their position as tobacco users, or identified themselves as occasional tobacco users, were less likely to try to discontinue smoke. Berg et al31 identified that less frequent tobacco users, those who smoked to relieve ennui and those with less ‘smoking ‘ friends, exhibited increased preparedness to discontinue, peculiarly if smoking prohibitions were implemented. Butler et al34, nevertheless, found that 88 % of tobacco users in a survey sample stated that smoke-free Torahs did non alter their attitude towards discontinuing, although the survey group was of a compar atively little size.Positions on the impacts of a smoke-free policyBaillie et al25 found that whilst many of the establishments surveyed in their survey claimed to run smoke-free campus policies, many were really smoke-free indoor policies and that none of the universities were wholly smoke-free. The survey identified that some establishments may hold edifices that are situated on public streets, where a smoke-free policy would non be enforceable. The paper besides identified that smoke-free campus policies may be impracticable on big campuses where pupils and staff may hold to go long distances in order to smoke off campus, and that these policies may non cut down smoke, but instead displace any smoke activity to countries instantly outside the campus boundary, which may impact dealingss with neighbors. Berg et al24 found that pupils who were older, female, populating entirely, without kids or whose parents banned smoke in the place were more receptive to smoke-free campus policies. The survey besides found that pupils within four twelvemonth universities were more receptive to smoke-free policies than those go toing two twelvemonth colleges, although smoking rates were higher in the latter. Butler et al34 found that 87 % of participants found a smoke-free policy within edifices on campus â€Å" really † or â€Å" slightly of import † ; nevertheless, there was discrepancy between the sub-groups of the sample. Of those populating on campus, 77 % found the policy â€Å" really of import † versus 63 % of participants populating in other locations, whilst merely 46 % of current tobacco users found the policy â€Å" really of import † compared to 76 % of non-smokers, although a higher per centum of those populating off-campus were current tobacco users. In a sample of 23 universities and 13 colleges in Canada in 2005, Hammond et al22 found that, of those with pupil lodging, 81 % of universities and 75 % of colleges had implemented smoke-free policies within adjustment. Smoking limitations were operated in designated out-of-door countries in 32 % of universities and 57 % of colleges, whilst two universities reported campus-wide smoke prohibitions which included out-of-door countries. However, when asked to place the most of import issues environing pupil wellness, merely 16 % of sample establishments cited smoke, with 23 % of university representatives describing that, relative to other issues, baccy usage was â€Å" really of import † ; 57 % of college representatives reported smoking issues as â€Å" non really of import † . Further, 20 % of university and 29 % of college respondents perceived â€Å" a batch † of pupil support for strong baccy control policies on their campuses. Etter et al19 found that 32 % of participants in an intercession group, sing a smoke-free policy with limited designated smoke countries, responded with positive remarks, with 8 % noticing negatively. The negative remarks highlighted within the paper referred more towards the execution of the policy, instead than the effectivity. Interestingly, the bulk ( 60 % ) of the intercession group gave no sentiments sing the policy or its execution, which may propose either indifference towards the policy or a low impact on respondents. Rigotti18 assessed pupil support for a figure of baccy control policies put frontward by the American College Health Association and American Cancer Society. The survey found that 75 % of pupils surveyed were in favor of a smoke prohibition in all campus edifices, including abodes and eating countries. Within tobacco users, 45 % answered positively sing a prohibition on smoke in abodes, although support was reciprocally related to ingestion of baccy merchandises, with merely 29 % of heavy ( a†°?10 coffin nails per twenty-four hours ) tobacco users in favor compared to 58 % of occasional ( a†°Ã‚ ¤1 coffin nail per twenty-four hours ) tobacco users. Of those pupils populating in adjustment non capable to a smoke-free policy, 58 % stated that they would prefer a smoke-free policy to be introduced. A longitudinal survey of attitudes towards smoking ordinances on campus, reported on by Seo et al26, found that pupils go toing a campus with a smoke-free air policy were more likely to hold favorable attitudes towards smoke-free policies than those go toing a control campus with no such policy. Gerson et al20 looked at the impact of smoke-free policies within higher instruction abodes from an administrative point of position. Along with assorted impacts on costs through both decrease in amendss to edifices, fixtures and adjustments and an addition in outgo on cleansing equipment and smoke waste receptacles, decision makers identified positive impacts of smoke-free policies within abodes. Such impacts were lessenings in roomie struggles, increased pupil, parent and alumni satisfaction, demand for on-campus adjustment and keeping of current occupants. Baillie et al25 found that within a sample of universities in Canada in 2009, the execution of baccy control policy was disjointed. In those establishments that had developed smoke-free policies, the survey found that execution, monitoring and enforcement were sometimes debatable due to responsibility being passed to persons or groups who had non been involved in policy development ; those responsible for the policy holding moved on and duty non holding been transferred ; or a deficiency of dedicated support for monitoring of the policy.RestrictionsA figure of restrictions and prophylactic factors exist with respect to the literature reviewed. The comparatively little organic structure of work appears to be mostly undertaken by a little figure of writers in the field. It is besides recognised that several of these documents are based around the same study informations, potentially restricting the part of subsequently works to the collection of grounds through multiple numeration of f indings. The types of survey presented in the documents must be borne in head whilst construing the consequences. Of the 19 documents reviewed, 16 study on cross-sectional surveies: seven documents reported the usage of primary data20, 22, 24-27, 31 ; whilst the staying nine reported secondary analysis of datasets14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 30, 32-34. One paper reported a case-control intercession trial19, one a cohort study29 and one reported an experimental model28. Cross-sectional surveies, whilst leting the measuring of association, are non able to measure causality between variables. Therefore, it is of import to stay aware that, whilst decreases in smoking prevalence in some surveies may be attributable to the debut of or ongoing impact of smoke policy, other external factors non assessed by the survey may besides lend to the sensed findings, as noted by Hahn et al29. Six of the documents involved informations assemblage exercisings which offered inducements to respondents14, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31. Whilst this can be a comparatively common pattern to promote a higher rate of response, choice prejudice may be introduced which may compromise the cogency of the findings. Many of the surveies involved self-reporting by respondents which may hold led to response prejudice through the inclusion of socially desirable replies, or remember prejudice in footings of steps of ingestion, etc. No biochemical confirmation was used in any of the surveies. Confusing variables, such as demographic factors, were suitably taken into history in most of the surveies, with one survey focusing on imbibing as a major confounder for smoking32. The coverage of trying and enlisting of respondents is variable within the documents. Some papers14, 17, 19, 24, 27, 30, 33 discussed random choice techniques applied, where others contained small item sing sample selection20, 23, 29, 34. Additionally, a figure of the surveies reported comparatively low response rates which may impact the dependability and generalizability of the findings presented. Response rates varied from 18 % to 90 % . Berg et al14 reported the positions of focal point groups of tobacco users ; nevertheless, the choice procedure for these groups is likely to hold discounted those occasional tobacco users who do non place themselves as ‘smokers ‘ . The documents affecting informations and positions of establishment functionaries and campus informants20, 22, 25 should be treated with cautiousness as the dependability of responses may be compromised in order to portray the establishment in a positive mode. Besides, those establishments that take a more pro-active attack to tobacco control may be more likely to react to such surveies than other.DecisionThe bulk of the grounds reviewed nowadayss a consistent position that a smoke-free policy within Higher Education environments has a mensurable association with alterations in smoking prevalence and behavior. The grounds, nevertheless, suggests that, whilst a smoke-free policy is potentially effectual in cut downing smoke or promoting discontinuing within those who identify themselves as tobacco users, it may be less so in the instance of non-regular or ‘social ‘ tobacco users. Whilst surveies undertaken in other states may non needfully generalise to tantamount populations and scenes in the UK, the grounds provides a good base from which to look into smoke and the impact of smoke-free policies within the Higher Education sector, and specifically within the residential environment.Purposes and AimsAim of the surveyTo measure pupils ‘ smoking behavior and the impact of smoke-free policy in a Higher Education residential environment.AimsTo mensurate the prevalence of smoking within the resident pupil population ; To look into pupils ‘ smoking behavior and attitudes towards smoke ; To look into pupils ‘ motive on discontinuing smoke ; To look into positions of pupils sing enforcement, success and range of smoke-free policy ; To look into positions on possible hereafter policy development.MethodsA study of pupils within University of Leicester residential adjustment was carried out in January – March 2012. Ethical blessing was granted by the University of Nottingham Medical School Research Ethics Committee ( mention no. F8122011, see Appendix C )Instruments and ProceduresData aggregation was undertaken utilizing electronic self-completion questionnaires in two formats: online and face-to-face utilizing a tablet device.Development of the questionnaireThe study questionnaire was designed utilizing SurveyGizmo, an on-line study tool, available free to pupil users, leting secure informations aggregation. The tool allows the creative activity of efficient, professional16, 35 looking on-line studies, incorporating: study filtering ( the ability to automatically re-direct respondents to specific inquiries based on old replies ) ; duplicate response protection and informations download for usage in MS Exce l and statistical bundles for analysis. Electronic studies using inquiry filtering can assist do questionnaire completion more efficient and attractive to respondents by merely uncovering inquiries pertinent to the person based on old replies supplied. This may cut down forsaking rates due to the visual aspect of non-applicable inquiries. Further, the layout and presentation of electronic studies can be customised to forestall respondents reading in front and orienting responses based on forthcoming questions36. The cross-sectional questionnaire comprised of a upper limit of 21 closed multiple pick inquiries, some with free text Fieldss for ‘Other ‘ responses, along with a free text field for any other remarks that were non covered within the study. The usage of free text Fieldss are frequently utile for: gaining elucidation of replies to closed inquiries ; deriving penetration into issues linked to but non covered within the study and general comments16, 37. The questionnaire collected informations on demographics ( e.g. gender, age, year/level of survey ) ; smoking activity ( e.g. smoker/non-smoker, smoking history, topographic points smoked, ingestion, exposure to tobacco fume ) ; consciousness of smoke policy within university adjustment ( e.g. inside informations of policy, effects of breaching policy ) ; attitudes towards policy development and motive towards discontinuing. The questionnaire incorporated and adapted a figure of inquiries antecedently used in big scale studies such as the Health Survey for England ( HSE ) 200938 ; British Social Attitudes Survey 200839 ; Survey of Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use 200840 and Smoking Toolkit Study41. A pre-pilot exercising ( see Appendix E ) was undertaken with about 34 pupils, in little groups, populating in similar university adjustment to assist develop and measure the reading of the inquiries to be included in the study and the linguistic communication used16. During this exercising it became evident that the usage of informal language37 promoted battle with the audience and made the inquiries more personal and relevant to the respondent and their experiences, attitudes and behaviors. In this respect, a figure of inquiries were used from studies aimed at younger age groups, as pupils did non needfully place with the response options available in the HSE which uses a much longer study to roll up extremely elaborate informations. The range of the survey study did non let this degree of item to be collected. It besides became evident during this exercising that some respondents who smoked required motivating to place themselves as tobacco users. This was addressed by the inclusion of a extra smoke position inquiry, which was asked of respondents who stated that they had ne'er smoked, by agencies of a filter inquiry ( see Appendix I ) . The bill of exchange concluding study was farther tested by a little choice of pupils and cardinal professionals, including Leicester City Smoking Cessation Team, University of Leicester Healthy Living Coordinator and the Residential Support Manager. Following the study period, all informations collected was downloaded and kept in a secure, watchword protected database. As the study was anon. no personal informations were accessible by any 3rd parties.Delivery MethodsIn order to advance velocity of completion and to cut down resource ingestion, the study questionnaire was provided in electronic format for online or face-to-face completion.Online completionThe online study was promoted by electronic mail and by postings displayed in Halls of Residence. The electronic mail invitation was distributed by the University of Leicester ‘s Residential and Commercial Services, on behalf of the research worker, in order that the research worker had no direct contact with any respondent ‘s contact inside informations. The electronic mail contained a brief background to the survey, along with a reassurance as to the confidentiality and namelessness of the informations to be collected35 ( see Appendix F ) . The hyperlinks to online studies generated by tools such as SurveyGizmo are frequently long, complex and easy to mistype as they contain internal mention codifications to place the right page to expose from within the tool ‘s database. TinyURL42 is an online service which can be used to make customised, shortened links which automatically redirect the user to the original URL. These sawed-off links are less cumbrous to utilize, potentially more memorable and less prone to mistyping than the system generated URL attributed by the online study package. The TinyURL nexus was hence used to advance easy entree to the study. Posters displayed within the Halls of Residence contained similar information to that contained within the electronic mail, along with tear off check with the TinyURL nexus reference and a Quick Response ( QR ) Code[ 1 ]( see Appendix G ) . The QR codification displayed on the posting publicizing the study enabled users to link to the online study utilizing their nomadic device. The nexus contained within the electronic mail and the postings directed the respondent to the welcome page of the online study which incorporated a Answering Information Sheet and an Informed Consent inquiry ( see Appendix H ) . A follow-up reminder electronic mail was distributed two hebdomads after the initial electronic mail to promote a higher response rate16, 36. Students were reassured that they could non be identified from any responses and that all informations would be aggregated for presentation. This was of import to keep trust when arousing information sing policy breaches reported in the study. Respondents were besides offered the chance to have a sum-up of findings from the study ; one respondent requested this feedback.Face- to-face completionIn order to top-up the sample, following the two hebdomad reminder electronic mail, face-to-face self-completion43 studies were undertaken utilizing a standalone version of the questionnaire on a touch-screen tablet device utilizing an offline version of SurveyGizmo. Responses were stored on the tablet device whilst in the field and so uploaded to the secure online SurveyGizmo database when connected to the web. These face-to-face completions were administered within a public scene within the Halls of Residence and respondents were asked if they had antecedently completed the study online to av oid duplicate responses. Previous research has suggested that mixed-method attacks to self-completion questionnaires yield consequences demoing small important difference36.Sampling MethodsThe original mark population was designed to figure about 2000 pupils, occupant within the University of Leicester ‘s Oadby Student Village residences. This mark population consisted of preponderantly first twelvemonth undergraduates, populating in a mix of catered and self-catered adjustment on a residential campus, off from the chief university campus. The electronic mail incorporating the hyperlink to the study was distributed by Residential and Commercial Services ( the University ‘s abodes direction division ) who unwittingly distributed the nexus to all University of Leicester adjustment occupants, about 4700 pupils. The mark population sample was hence increased.Inclusion and exclusion standardsAll pupils shacking within the University owned and managed adjustments were included within the study. An electronic study, distributed via email links can be capable to send oning by receivers, or circulation to unintended receivers due to mistakes in distribution lists etc. As the study was aimed at occupants within the University owned and managed adjustment, the first inquiry following informed consent was used to find the eligibility of the respondent for inclusion within the survey. This eligibility inquiry asked where the respondent presently resided whilst at university. Those reacting that they resided in any signifier of university owned/managed adjustment were included within the survey. Those respondents saying that they lived in: ‘Private rented house/flat/room ‘ ; ‘Parents place ‘ ; or ‘Other ‘ were re-directed to a page informing them that they were non eligible to take portion in the survey, thanked for their clip and offered links to halt smoke information web-sites.Smoke PolicyThe smoke-free statute law enacted in 2006 and implemen ted in England in July 200744 banned smoke in all workplaces, public edifices and vehicles used for work. The statute law does, nevertheless, allow freedoms to be made for residential environments, such as survey sleeping rooms in university abodes as these are defined as private life adjustment on a par with a individual ‘s place. Communal countries within such constitutions are non covered by such freedoms. Following the national execution of statute law in 2007, the University of Leicester rolled out smoke-free policies across the bulk of its residential adjustment for the beginning of the 2007/08 academic session ( antecedently merely freshly built adjustment had been designated as non-smoking ) , censoring smoke within the abode edifices, including survey sleeping rooms. As such, the current policy, as applied to the 2011/12 academic session during which this survey was undertaken, can be found in the ‘Terms and Conditionss of Residence: Academic Year 2011/12'45 produced by the University ‘s Residential and Commercial Services section, which reads: â€Å" 3.8.1.11 You agree non to smoke in the Accommodation or the abode or within 2 meters of any door or window ; † In order to measure cognition of the full extent of the policy within the study group, the policy diction was split into two distinct response picks: ‘Smoking is non allowed indoors ‘ ; and ‘Smoking is non allowed within two meters of room accesss or Windowss ‘ .Analytic MethodsFollowing the decision of the study period, study response informations were downloaded from the SurveyGizmo platform into a secure, watchword protected informations store ready for analysis. One of the benefits of utilizing an on-line study tool is clip salvaging due to the remotion of the informations inputting process36. Although the informations were already mostly pre-coded for analysis during the design procedure within the study package, a important volume of re-coding was undertaken in order to group responses to inquiries for analysis. Classification of smoking position was undertaken following bing Health Survey for England classs and derived variables 46 modified somewhat to reflect the study population. For illustration, where the HSE categorised ‘used to smoke coffin nails on occasion ‘ and ‘used to smoke on a regular basis ‘ , the two classs have been combined as ‘used to smoke ‘ in order to account for little Numberss. These little Numberss of ex-regular tobacco users and heavy tobacco users are most likely a contemplation of the age and background of the population. Univariate analyses were undertaken for all inquiries, followed by bivariate and multivariate analysis focussed around the subjects of the survey aims. Analysis was performed utilizing STATA 1147. Crude odds ratios, with 95 % assurance intervals, between the result and the chief exposure variables were calculated utilizing logistic arrested development analysis. Where possible, informations were used to their fullest extent, with losing informations categorised as such when used as an exposure variable. Outcome variables were dichotomised and associations were examined. The suitableness of utilizing informations as uninterrupted or categorical variables was tested utilizing the likeliness ratio trial. The likeliness ratio trial was used to measure the overall significance of variables in the univariate and multivariate analyses. Statistical significance was assumed if p values were less than 0.05. Exploratory analysis was undertaken of hazard factors of being exposed to smoke in and around university adjustment utilizing a figure of exposure variables. Variables were considered as possible confounders if they were significantly associated with exposure to smoke in university adjustment. A backward arrested development theoretical account was used which started with all potentially of import variables ; those that were important ( p & lt ; 0.05 ) , taking the least statistically important variables, one by one, until all the staying variables were statistically important. The likeliness ratio trial was used to find whether a variable was important and added or removed from the theoretical account.ConsequencesThe study nexus was distributed to 4,700 pupils populating in University of Leicester residential adjustment. A sum of 637 ( 13.6 % ) pupils responded to the study, of these 587 consented to take portion in the study and passed the eligibility standards giving a engagement rate of 12.5 % . Five respondents decided non to take portion after reading the participant information sheet, 22 participants were ineligible as they no longer lived in university adjustment, and 23 respondents abandoned the study whilst finishing the demographic information ( see Mistake: Reference beginning non found ) . Figure. Recruitment and Survey Response Flow Diagram ParticipantFlowDiagram.bmpParticipant FeaturesMistake: Reference beginning non found summarises the demographic features of the 587 participants. Of the respondents, 57.8 % were female and 42.2 % were male. Almost two tierces ( 66.3 % ) of respondents were 1st twelvemonth undergraduates and over half ( 53.2 % ) were aged 18-19. The bulk of respondents were from the UK ( 67.3 % ) , 12.4 % were from European states and 7.2 % were pupils from China. Table Demographic Characteristics of the Survey Participants ( and wider university population ) Demographic features of pupils populating in university adjustment differ to the wider university population ( correspondence with the university Residential and Commercial Services section confirms that greater Numberss of first twelvemonth pupils and international pupils live in university adjustment, explicating the difference in those that responded to the study in comparing to the wider university pupil population ) . A higher response rate was achieved from pupils populating in self catered metropolis populating adjustment than might be expected from the proportion of pupils populating at that place.Prevalence of smoking within the resident pupil populationOverall smoke prevalence within the sample population was measured as 38.3 % ( n=225 ) , with current smoke higher among males ( 42.7 % , n=106 ) than females ( 35.1 % , n=119 ) ( see Mistake: Reference beginning non found ) . Table Smoking Status ( current tobacco users compared to non-smokers )Students ‘ smoking behavior and attitudes towards smokingWithin the smoke group, about half ( 49.3 % ) were identified as non-regular tobacco users ( 55.5 % in females, 42.5 % in males ) and 36.8 % were identified as regular-daily tobacco users ( 31.9 % in females, 42.5 % in males ) . International tobacco users were 89 % ( 95 % CI 1.02-3.51, p=0.04 ) more likely to be day-to-day tobacco users than non-daily tobacco users ( Mistake: Reference beginning non found ) . With respect to the smoke prevalence of the pupils home state 48 this has a important consequence such that for each per centum point addition in the states smoking prevalence, the pupil is 6 % ( 95 % CI 1.01-1.11, p=0.02 ) more likely to be a day-to-day tobacco user compared to a non-daily tobacco user. Of the non-smoking group, 61.6 % had ne'er smoked ; 23.5 % had tried smoke one time or twice ; and 14.9 % were ex-smokers ( 18.3 % in males ) . Of all respondents, 62.0 % ( n=364 ) were current or ex-smokers, or had tried smoke at some clip, though 8.3 % of respondents originally denied holding tried smoke. Non-daily tobacco users were 26.6 times ( 95 % CI 8.02-88.3, P & lt ; 0.001 ) more likely to province that they do n't see themselves as tobacco users. Merely over half of females ( 51.0 % , n=173 ) and about two fifths of males ( 38.7 % , n=96 ) had ne'er smoked prior to go toing university ( overall 45.8 % , n=269 ) . The age at which most current tobacco users foremost tried smoke was every bit split with 41.8 % get downing between 16-18 old ages and 38.7 % get downing in the 13-15 age group. Of those respondents that foremost tried smoke before the age of 13, 71.9 % are current tobacco users. This equates to merely over one in 10 ( 10.2 % ) current tobacco users. By contrast, 46.7 % of those respondents who foremost tried smoke between the ages 19-24 remain as tobacco users ( 9.3 % of current tobacco users ) . Table Hazard factors for day-to-day smoke ( compared to non-daily smoke ) Daily tobacco users reported troubles with detecting no-smoking countries with 30.1 % sing trouble compared to 6.5 % of non-daily tobacco users. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of pupils demoing those bothered by other people ‘s baccy fume are presented in Table Students bothered by people smoking nearby ( unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios ) . After seting for gender and state of beginning ( grouped by World Health Organisation Region ) , where a pupil does n't smoke they were 10 times more likely to mind if other people smoke nearby ( 95 % CI 6.6-16.6 ) and this is a important consequence ( P & lt ; 0.001 ) . After seting for the confusing consequence of the pupil smoke, females were 2.71 times more likely to mind if other people smoke close-by compared to males ( 95 % CI 1.76-4.18, P & lt ; 0.001 ) . Table Students bothered by people smoking nearby ( unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios )To look into pupils ‘ motive on discontinuing smokeAbout a 3rd of all current tobacco users did non place with being a tobacco user ( 32.4 % , n=73 ) . One-half of non-daily tobacco users ( 49.6 % , n=70 ) were in this group. Just under a one-fourth ( 23.1 % , n=52 ) of tobacco users reported being happy with being a tobacco user, though half of this group ( 51.9 % , n=27 ) felt that they ‘ought ‘ to halt smoke. Of those tobacco users who felt they ought to halt smoke ( 30.7 % , n=69 ) , 18.8 % wanted to halt smoke and 24.6 % felt they needed to halt smoke, with 15.9 % saying that they both wanted and needed to discontinue. Around a one-fourth of all tobacco users worried that smoke was either doing them injury now ( 22.2 % ) , with a farther 27.6 % worried that smoking would do them injury in the hereafter ( 14.2 % stated both ) ; nevertheless merely 6.7 % were concerned about t he consequence on household and loved 1s. A one-fourth ( 25.5 % ) of non-daily tobacco users thought smoke was n't presently doing serious injury. Remarks left by non-smokers cited wellness grounds for discontinuing or non taking up smoke. About a one-fourth ( 23.6 % , n=53 ) of tobacco users felt that smoke was bing excessively much money, the bulk of whom ( 69.8 % , n=37 ) were day-to-day tobacco users. Less than one in 10 tobacco users ( 8.4 % ) felt that smoke was acquiring excessively hard these yearss, this did non vary by smoking sub-category. Over two tierces of tobacco users intend to discontinue at some point ( 24.4 % were non certain when, 19.6 % when no longer a pupil, 13.3 % within the following month, 8.0 % within the following twelvemonth ) . Over a 5th bash non mean to give up ( 22.2 % ) , and 10.2 % did n't react to the inquiry. Within the group who responded that they did non mean to discontinue, 60 % ( n=30 ) had antecedently stated that they did non see themselves as tobacco users.Positions of pupils sing enforcement, success and range of smoke-free policyStudents were asked where they felt on a regular basis exposed to other people ‘s baccy fume. Over half felt exposed to tobacco fume in out-of-door smoking countries of pubs/restaurants/cafes ( 56.6 % ) and outside cabarets ( 55.5 % ) ; 35.8 % felt exposed in other out-of-door public topographic points. In many topographic points current tobacco users reported experiencing more exposed to other people ‘s fume than non-smokers. A bulk of respondents ( 70.9 % , n=416 ) felt that they were on a regular basis exposed to other people ‘s baccy fume on University premises. When broken down, 46.2 % ( n=271 ) experienced fume on the chief university campus ; 15.2 % ( n=89 ) outside the Student Union edifice ; 52.8 % ( n=310 ) outside University abodes and 17.9 % ( n=105 ) inside University abodes. These consequences are loosely similar regardless of smoking position. The bulk of occupants ( 67.6 % , n=397 ) believe that Leicester University has a policy that covers smoking in Halls of Residence. Ex-smokers ( 72.2 % , n=39 ) and current tobacco users ( 69.8 % , n=157 ) were more cognizant of the policy than non-smokers, 26.9 % ( n=83 ) of whom stated that they ‘do n't cognize ‘ . When asked about the smoke policy presently in force in Halls of Residence, merely 16.7 % ( n=98 ) were cognizant of the right combination of regulations stated ( i.e. no smoke indoors and within two meters of room accesss or Windowss ) . Almost three quarters ( 74.1 % , n=435 ) of occupants responded with at least one correct regulation ( 70.7 % stated that ‘smoking is non permitted indoors ‘ ) and 19.9 % ( n=117 ) thought the policy was more extended by taking extra regulations that they thought applied. One in 10 ( 9.9 % , n=58 ) respondents thought that smoke was non permitted on any portion of the site ( inside or out ) , 14.0 % ( n=82 ) were non cognizant of any regulations ( responded with ‘Do n't cognize ‘ ) and a really little figure ( 4.3 % , n=25 ) believed that smoke is permitted in indoor countries. Of the 60.9 % ( n=137 ) of tobacco users conflicting the smoke-free policy in Halls of Residence, the huge bulk ( 94.2 % , n=129 ) do so in the cognition that they are interrupting the regulations ( the staying 5.8 % believe smoke indoors is allowed ) . Three quarters ( 76.0 % , n=446 ) of respondents reported holding ne'er witnessed, or heard of, any active smoke policy enforcement in University adjustment, 10.4 % had witnessed grounds of enforcement and 6.1 % knew person else who had witnessed enforcement. Overall, 134 illustrations of active enforcement were reported: informal verbal warnings from staff accounted for 41.8 % ; formal verbal warnings 19.4 % ; remarks from other pupils 17.9 % ; and formal written warnings 16.4 % . A little figure ( 4.5 % ) of other enforcement actions were reported including: ‘no smoking ‘ postings ; emails to occupants reding of policy and countenances following dispute ; and mulcts. The adjustment a pupil lives in, the pupils smoking position and whether the pupil smokes in private and/or communal indoor countries are the independent forecasters of the hazard of being exposed to smoke inside university adjustment. Current tobacco users have an increased hazard, and are three and a half times more likely to be exposed to other peoples tobacco fume indoors at their university adjustment than ne'er tobacco users ( OR 3.54, 95 % CI 1.08-11.67 ) ( Table Students on a regular basis exposed to other peoples tobacco fume indoors at University Accommodation ) though this is non important overall ( p=0.13 ) . Students populating in Oadby abodes are more likely to be exposed to tobacco fume inside the abodes, those in self-catered adjustment in Oadby are about 3 times every bit likely to be exposed to other peoples tobacco fume ( OR 2.8, 95 % CI 1.56-5.04 ) and those in catered adjustment in Oadby are more than twice as likely to be exposed to other peoples smoke ( OR 2.14 , 95 % CI 1.25-3.66 ) and this is important ( p=0.001 ) . Students who smoke in survey sleeping rooms are 61.9 % less likely to be exposed to other peoples tobacco fume ( OR 0.38, 95 % CI 0.16-0.9, p=0.02 ) , and pupils who smoke in indoor communal countries are 4.66 times more likely to be exposed to other peoples tobacco fume ( OR 4.66, 95 % CI 2.01-10.84, P & lt ; 0.001 ) . The R2 value is 0.060 which means that the variables in the theoretical account explain about 6 % of the fluctuation in fume exposure. Table Students on a regular basis exposed to other peoples tobacco fume indoors at University AccommodationPositions on possible hereafter policy developmentOverall, 73.8 % of respondents thought that smoke should be banned wholly in survey sleeping rooms and 80.1 % in communal indoor countries ( Mistake: Reference beginning non found ) . Within current tobacco users, 54.2 % ( n=122 ) think that smoke should be banned wholly in survey sleeping rooms and 66.7 % stated that smoke should be banned wholly in indoor communal countries. This contrasts with the positions of non-smokers who were 86.4 % ( n=266 ) and 89 % in favor of prohibitions in sleeping rooms and communal countries severally. Almost three quarters of non-smokers ( 72.4 % ) said that smoke should be banned in entrance/doorways whilst 34.7 % of current tobacco users agreed. Smoking within two meters of room accesss polarised sentiment with 56.2 % ( n=173 ) of non-smokers stating that it should be banned wholly, whereas 48. 4 % ( n=167 ) of current tobacco users stated that it should be freely allowed. When asked whether smoking limitations should be applied to outdoor countries of the residential campus, 19.1 % of respondents expressed a penchant for a complete prohibition, with 40 % bespeaking that they thought it should be restricted to certain countries. Over half of current tobacco users ( 52.0 % , n=117 ) thought that smoking out-of-doorss should be freely allowed, whereas 48.1 % of non-smokers thought that it should be restricted to designated countries. Figure Student Support for Smoking Restrictions in University ResidencesDiscussionRestrictions of the surveyStudy designGiven the sensed acquaintance of current pupil cohorts with on-line engineerings, for illustration the usage of electronic mail ; practical acquisition environments ( WebCT, Blackboard49 etc. ) ; and the omnipresent usage of societal networking platforms such as Facebook, an on-line study was used to advance velocity and efficiency of completion and informations aggregation and easiness of distribution. A figure of restrictions were found with the method. The study platform used, though incorporating sophisticated tools and characteristics, involved the design of complex filtrating modus operandis to forestall the presentation of inappropriate inquiries to respondents, for illustration inquiries sing baccy ingestion to non-smokers. Any mistakes in the map of this filtrating non identified during proving, or as a consequence of proficient jobs during the study period may hold led to erroneous informations within the attendant dataset. Similarly, the standalone version of the questionnaire used on the tablet device relies on the proficient unity of the package to accurately synchronize responses to the on-line database. A thorough reappraisal of the informations collected, following closing of the study, did non place any such issues. The distribution of email invitations and links to the online study was undertaken by a 3rd party, the University of Leicester ‘s Residential and Commercial Services ( RACS ) section who hold the electronic mailing list for all occupants. The intended mark population for the study was a subset of this mailing list, as agreed with the RACS contact. However, when distributed, the invitation electronic mail was sent to the complete mailing list, more than duplicating the figure of receivers. This mistake did non present any jobs in footings of informations aggregation, nevertheless may hold introduced prejudices due to demographic fluctuations between residential sites. Further, the mailing list is used on the premise that the informations held on it is current and accurate at the clip of usage. Any motions of pupils between, in to or out of university adjustment which had non been updated on the mailing list may hold led to the electronic mail invitation being distributed to pupi ls outside the mark population, or non holding reached the whole of the residential cohort. Indeed, shortly following the analysis of the informations, the writer was informed that the mailing list did include a little figure of ineligible receivers, the remotion of whom from the denominator would hold increased the response rate to 18 % . Additionally, the easiness with which electronic mail can be forwarded may hold led to unintended receivers accessing the study. The eligibility inquiry sing current term clip abode within the study was designed to turn to this issue. There is a possibility that the response rate was affected by the method of invitation. Students receive legion electronic mails from the generic RACS electronic mail history throughout the term, frequently incorporating information which pupils may non see of import, which they may non open or read. As the invitation electronic mail was distributed from this history there is the possibility that some occupants may hold ignored the electronic mail and hence non considered finishing the study. Response prejudice may hold been introduced due to the nature of the study topic. Despite confidences of namelessness and confidentiality, some tobacco users may non hold responded to the study fearing that informations recorded sing dispute of smoke policy may take to negative effects. Both tobacco users and non-smokers may hold responded to the study in the belief that they may be able to well change the smoke policy.Study InstrumentThe length of the questionnaire used in the survey is an built-in restriction in footings of the comparison of informations to antecedently published surveies. The Health Survey for England46 includes a dedicated subdivision on smoking integrating about 50 inquiries to roll up elaborate informations. This degree of item is beyond the range of the current survey so the questionnaire was designed to arouse the informations required from a minimal figure of inquiries. This was besides designed to cut down study forsaking. As antecedently discussed, the leaning for denial of smoking position within peculiar groups is a restriction. The study questionnaire attempted to promote those whose immediate response to the inquiry of smoke position was ‘I have ne'er smoked ‘ to see if they had responded accurately by inquiring them to reaffirm their smoke position after careful consideration. Despite this attack, an component of prejudice may be within the informations. Similarly, ambiguity sing definitions of smoking position and ingestion may present prejudice into the informations, for illustration the response option ‘I have merely smoked one time or twice ‘ may be diversely interpreted as: ‘I have merely of all time smoked one or two coffin nails ‘ ; ‘I have smoked multiple coffin nails on one or two occasions ‘ ; or ‘I have smoked for one or two extended periods with a interruption in between ‘ . Smoking frequence and ingestion has an impact on classification of smoking position, and hence the reported smoke prevalence. For illustration in some surveies those respondents who smoke really infrequently may be classified as non-smokers as their smoke behavior does non make a specific threshold. In retrospect a figure of inquiries that were non included within the questionnaire would hold proved utile in the context of the survey. The questionnaire requests age, age at which the respondent foremost tried smoke and their current smoke position, nevertheless a inquiry sing the length of clip that current tobacco users have been smoking should hold been included as a step of smoking calling. Similarly, inquiries were asked of all respondents sing locations of exposure to smoke and whether exposure to tobacco fume bothered them, nevertheless a inquiry sing their association with tobacco users ( e.g. friends, flatmates etc. ) should hold been included as a step of potency increased likeliness of exposure to smoke. The timing of the study may hold introduced prejudices due to possible additions in smoking behavior over the Christmas holiday and through exam periods. A possible confounding factor within the analysis, non measured by the study, was the first twelvemonth undergraduate cohort in the 2011/12 academic twelvemonth. The 2011/12 twelvemonth represented the concluding academic session for beginning of surveies before significant rises in tuition fees within the UK Higher Education sector in 2012/13. The possibility exists hence for prejudice in the informations due to any possible demographic alterations to the cohort as a consequence of increased consumption of pupils from changing backgrounds including mature pupils, or those that may hold been be aftering spread old ages.Discussion of FindingssPrevalence of smoking within the pupil populationThe survey found an overall smoke prevalence within the sample pupil population to be 38.3 % , with fluctuation between work forces and adult females ( 42.7 % and 35.1 % severally ) . These rates were well higher than many reported in the literature ( 4 % -47 % ) 17, 19, 21, 27, 29 and about four t imes those estimated through the QMAS system used by the university linked GP surgery, which presently records smoke position for 59 % of patients. One possible contributory factor to this big disagreement is the designation of pupils as ‘smokers ‘ , within the context of societal smoke. In the survey, about one tierce of current tobacco users did non place themselves as being a tobacco user. If these respondents had indicated that they were non tobacco users, the overall rate of smoking prevalence would hold been reported as 25.9 % , still well higher than GP informations, but in line with rates found in the literature. Comparisons with the Health Survey for England ( HSE ) consequences, 201046 and the General Lifestyle study, 201050 show a much higher smoking prevalence in the pupil respondents at University of Leicester than might be expected. Interrupting the study informations down by age groups used in the HSE, the prevalence of smoke in males aged 16-24 is dual that in the HSE ( 22.0 % in the HSE in comparing to 44.1 % in the survey sample ) . The HSE informations would non include the occupants of pupil adjustment during term clip as the HSE does non include people â€Å" populating in establishments † as it is â€Å" designed to be representative of the population life in private families in England † 46. The General Lifestyle Survey, 201050 ( GLF ) publishes smoking prevalence by strias, gender and age group. Though the overall prevalence of smoke was much higher in the pupil study ( 38.3 % in comparing to 20 % ) , the proportion of heavy tobacco users was much lower overall and in each age class than in the GLF, 2010 ( merely one heavy tobacco user in the pupil study, male aged 20-24, in comparing to prevalence ‘s between 4 – 8 % in different age/sex groupings, in the GLF ) . A petition to Office for National statistics returned GLF 2010 informations ciphering national smoke prevalence in pupils at 14 % . Within the figures, heavy tobacco users recorded a prevalence of 2 % , compared with 0.2 % in the current survey.Smoking behavior and attitudesAbout half of respondents identified as current tobacco users were non-regular tobacco users. International pupils were well more likely to be day-to-day tobacco users than non-daily tobacco users. Non-daily tobacco users were m ore likely non to place themselves every bit tobacco users as discussed by Berg et al14, 23. The analysis besides suggests that those who start smoking at a younger age are more likely to go on to be a regular tobacco user, though the volume induction of smoke additions during university age groups as suggested in the literature14, 17, 18, 20-25. As a 1st twelvemonth undergraduate ( tobacco user ) commented: â€Å" This is the first twelvemonth I have tried smoke because my friends here do †Motivation on discontinuingMerely under one tierce of tobacco users thought they ought to discontinue smoke, whilst over 20 % stated that they do non mean to give up. About two tierces of those with no purpose to discontinue had stated that they did n't see themselves as tobacco users. This determination reflects the work by Moran et al33 and Berg et al14, 23 who besides found that those who did non see themselves to be tobacco users were less likely to show purpose to discontinue. As a 1st twelvemonth undergraduate ( tobacco user ) commented: â€Å" I do n't see the inquiry about giving up applicable to me as I do n't smoke every-day, merely when I ‘m with my friends in hall or out for the dark so I ‘m non a tobacco user † Indeed some respondents that potentially deny their smoke position were forthright in their sentiment that tobacco users should be left entirely to populate their lives. As a graduate student pupil, reported as being a tobacco user, commented: â€Å" Smokers ( I do non see myself one ) already have to set up with all kinds of bunk, merely go forth them entirely and give your clip and attempt to work outing existent problems.aˆÂ ¦ †Scope of policy, success and enforcementDespite the fact that no freedoms under the Smoke-free statute law have been made in the residential adjustment managed by University of L